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Hydrogen - Fuel Cells for Transportation - Fuels for Fuel Cells - 2002 Annual Program/Lab R&D Review

The US DOE Hydrogen Program, the Fuel Cells for Transportation Program, and the Fuels for Fuel Cells Program held their inaugural combined Annual Program/Lab R&D Review May 6-10, 2002, Golden, Colorado. Presentations are available as Adobe Acrobat PDFs. Download Acrobat Reader

Annual Hydrogen Program Review Meeting    May 6-8, 2002

Presentation materials from the opening session of the meeting and the project abstracts are available below. Technical Papers from the meeting will be posted by mid-July 2002. [see above]

Program Overview Presentations
•Office of Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure Technologies (proposed) (S. Chalk, DOE) (PDF 215 KB)
•Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Program Review (J. Milliken, DOE) (PDF 453 KB)
•Review of the Hydrogen Program (N. Rossmeissl, DOE) (PDF 440 KB)

Program Overview Presentations
•Session A-Production Technology and Validation (PDF 534 KB)
•Session B-Storage, Utilization, Analysis (PDF 572 KB)

Fuel Cells for Transportation Lab R&D Review Meeting     May 9, 2002

Opening Session
•Opening Remarks: Merit Review and Peer Evaluation-National Laboratory R&D (J. Milliken, DOE) (PDF 489 KB)
•Fuels for Fuel Cells (P. Devlin, DOE) (PDF 261 KB)
•Cooperative Automotive Research for Advanced Technology Program (D. Ho, DOE) (PDF 359 KB)

Fuel Cell Modeling/Analysis
•Fuel Cell Modeling and Analysis Overview (C. Bordeaux, DOE) (PDF 284 KB)
•Fuel Cell System Analysis (R. Kumar, ANL) (PDF 398 KB)
•Fuel Cell Vehicle Systems Analysis (T. Markel, NREL) (PDF 554 KB)
•Development of Unified PEM Fuel Cells (H. Liu, U of Miami) (PDF 2.2 MB)

Fuel Cell Stack Components
•Fuel Cell Stack Components Overview (J. Milliken, DOE) (PDF 307 KB)

Membranes/MEAs
•Membranes for Operation Above 100°C (T. Zawodzinski, LANL) (PDF 304 KB)
•Porous Oxide Electrolyte Membranes (POEMs) (M. Anderson, U of WI) (PDF 784 KB)
•Bacterial Cellulose Membranes (H. O'Neill, ORNL) (PDF 690 KB)
•Microstructural Characterization of PEM Fuel Cells (D. Blom, ORNL) (PDF 648 KB)

Electrodes/Electrocatalysts
•Fuel Cell Electrode Optimization for Operation on Reformate and Air (F. Uribe, LANL) (PDF 494 KB)
•New Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells (P. Ross, LBNL) (PDF 1.7 MB)
•Low Pt Loading Electrocatalysts (R. Adzic, BNL) (PDF 723 KB)
•Low-Platinum and Platinum-Free Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction at Fuel Cell Cathodes (K. Swider-Lyons, NRL) (PDF 615 KB)

Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells
•Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (P. Zelenay, LANL) (PDF 743 KB)

Fuel Cell Materials
•Materials for Bipolar Plates Overview (N. Garland, DOE) (PDF 319 KB)
•Carbon Composite Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells (T. Besmann, ORNL) (PDF 441 KB)
•Metal Biopolar Plates (M. Brady, ORNL) (PDF 344 KB)
•High Thermal Conductivity Graphite Foams for Compact Lightweight Radiators (J. Klett, ORNL) (PDF 808 KB)

Fuels for Fuel Cells Lab R&D Review Meeting    May 10, 2002

Fuel Processing
•Fuel Processing Overview (P. Davis, DOE) (PDF 281 KB)
•Catalytic Autothermal Reforming (J. Mawdsley, ANL) (PDF 410 KB)
•Sulfur Removal from Reformate (T. Krause, ANL) (PDF 264 KB)
•Quick Start Fuel Processor (S. Ahmed, ANL) (PDF 577 KB)
•Microchannel Fuel Processing (L. Pederson, PNNL) (PDF 602 KB)

Water-Gas Shift Catalysts
•Water-Gas Shift Catalysts Overview (D. Ho, DOE) (PDF 287 KB)
•Water Gas Shift Catalysis (D. Myers, ANL) (PDF 245 KB)
•Novel Water Gas Shift Catalysts (L. Thompson, U of MI) (PDF 395 KB)
•Nanoscale Water Gas Shift Catalysts (S. Swartz, NexTech) (PDF 745 KB)

Fuels Effects
•Overview (P. Devlin, DOE) (PDF 253 KB)
•Effects of Fuel Composition on Fuel Processing (J. Kopasz, ANL) (PDF 298 KB)
•Durability Studies: Gasoline/Reformate Durability (R. Borup, LANL) (PDF 353 KB)
•Support of Fuels/Reformer R&D with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling (M. Petrick, ANL) (PDF 1.9 MB)

Posters from Fuel Cells for Transportation and Fuels for Fuel Cells Lab R&D Review Meetings    May 9-10, 2002

• Development of Advanced Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (S. Narayanan, JPL) (PDF 553 KB)
• DMFC for Portable Power Applications-Poster (P. Zelenay, LANL) (PDF 442 KB)
• High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Nanocomposites for Fuel Cells-Poster (J. McGrath, VPI) (PDF 1.6 MB)
• Polyphosphazene-Based H2/O2 Fuel Cells-Poster (S. Lvov, Penn State U) (PDF 165 KB)
• Low Platinum Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction at PEMFC Cathodes: Atomic Structure and Electrocatalytic Activity-Poster (W. Dmowski, U of Penn) (PDF 666 KB)
• Decorated Nanoparticles in Fuel Cell Catalysis-Poster (A. Wieckowski, UIUC) (PDF 531 KB)
• Ternary Platinum Catalysts with Enhanced Activity: Electrochemical and XAS Characterization -Poster (R. Atanasoski, 3M) (PDF 688 KB)
• New Neutron Imaging Facility At The NIST Reactor For Fuel Cell Research -Poster (M. Arif, NIST) (PDF 996 KB)
• Low Cost Sensors for Hydrogen and CO in Fuel Cells -Poster (J. Stetter, IIT) (PDF 532 KB)
• CO Sensors for Reformate Powered Fuel Cells (F. Garzon, LANL) (PDF 210 KB)
• Electrochemical Sensors for PEMFC Vehicles- (A. Q. Pham, LLNL) (PDF 235 KB)
• Differential Temperature Water-Gas Shift Reactor -Poster (L. Pederson, PNNL) (PDF 1.0 MB)
• Reformate Cleanup Technology-Poster (M. Inbody, LANL) (PDF 99 KB)
• Fuel Processing of Diesel for Fuel Cells -Poster (D. Berry, NETL) (PDF 535 KB)
• Diesel Reforming (for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell APUs)-Poster (R. Borup, LANL) (PDF 330 KB)
• Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Supports Fuel Reformer Research -Poster (M. Petrick, ANL) (PDF 1.3 MB)
• Biopolar Plate-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Poster (J-M. Bae, ANL) (PDF 204 KB)
• Low Friction Coatings for Fuel Cell Compressors-Poster (O. Ajayi, ANL) (PDF 1.4 MB)
• Carbon Foam for Thermal Management of Fuel Cells-Poster (J. Klett, ORNL) (PDF 684 KB)

2001

December 6, 2001
Direct Splitting of Water Under Visible Light Irradiation with an Oxide Semiconductor Photocatalyst
Photocatalytic splitting of water into H2 and O2 using sunlight has the potential one day to produce 'clean energy' to drive a hydrogen economy. Catalysts exist, but they are impractical because they use scarce ultraviolet light. Almost half of the energy that reaches us from the Sun arrives as visible light, hence the interest in a new photocatalyst capable of direct splitting of water in visible light. The quantum yield of the process is 0.66%, which is too low for practical application, but the catalyst, a doped oxide semiconductor, is a good basis for further development.
ZHIGANG ZOU, JINHUA YE, KAZUHIRO SAYAMA & HIRONORI ARAKAWA
Nature 414, 625-627
| First Paragraph | Full Text | PDF (221 K) |

Proceedings of the 2001 US Department of Energy Hydrogen Program Review
DOE Hydrogen Information Network

CHBC Members' selections:

Energy Conversion Devices
Ovonic Metal Hydride Based Hydrogen Ice Scooter
K. Sapru, S. Ramachandran, Z. Tan, and E. Kurlonko

Stuart Energy USA
Filling Up with Hydrogen 2000
M. J. Fairlie and P. B. Scott

Sunline Services Group
Hydrogen Commercialization for the 21st Century
W. Clapper, Sunline Services Group
Hydrogen-Based Utility Energy Storage System
R. Parker, SRT Group, Inc.
W. L. Clapper, Jr., Sunline Services Group

DCH Technology, Inc.
Small Battery - Fuel Cell Alternative Technology Development
M.S. Wilson and C. Zawodzinski, Los Alamos National Laboratory
M. Daugherty,  Enable Fuel Cell Corp. (DCH Technology, Inc.)
Interfacial Stability of Thin Film Hydrogen Sensors
R. Pitts, P. Liu, S.-H. Lee, and E. Tracy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
R. D. Smith and C. Salter, DCH Technology, Inc.

National Hydrogen Association
NHA Hydrogen Safety Codes and Standards Activities
K. Miller, The National Hydrogen Association

Hydrogen Sensors for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Applications
A. Peter Jardine, Ph.D. - DCH Technology Inc. Valencia, CA
Power Pulse (The Web's Leading Power Electronics Publication)
In the coming conversion from fossil fuel energy sources, safety and a clean source of hydrogen will be paramount in the utilization of hydrogen as a source of clean abundant energy. Effective hydrogen sensors and ancillaries, to accurately and quickly respond to hydrogen gas leaks, will be critical in the safe deployment of mobile, hydrogen-based vehicles and stationary hydrogen-derived power sources. Hydrogen is emerging as a primary fuel source to replace oil-based fuels. Hydrogen-based fuel cells, based on a variety of technologies, will be the mechanism by which electrical energy will be derived from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen gases within the fuel cell to make water. Hydrogen generation can come from a variety of methods, including the following: reforming alcohols (ex. methanol), natural gas, electrolysis of water and biomass generation, as well as from purely synthetic chemical decomposition of hydrogen-containing compounds.

2000

November 17, 2000
Putting a New Spin on Carbon Nanotubes
Ray H. Baughman - Honeywell International
Science  November 17, 2000  1310 - 1311
Nanotechnologists have suggested many uses for continuous, ultrastrong carbon nanotube fibers. [One of the more extreme suggestions was Yakobson and Smalley's futuristic vision of tethering satellites to Earth with such fibers.] In contrast to Alec Guinness' white suit, which does not get dirty because nothing adheres to or wets the fibers, carbon nanofibers can be easily wet and have an extremely high surface area of more than 300 m² per gram. This huge accessible surface area allows giant amounts of charge to be injected, forming the basis for carbon nanotube supercapacitors and electrochemically driven artificial muscles. The large surface area might also be used for hydrogen storage and electrical energy harvesting. Not all of these applications intrinsically require high mechanical strengths. Production of carbon nanotube fibers therefore does not necessarily have to optimize mechanical properties. However, cost and weight savings could result from the use of strong nanotube fibers for nonstructural and structural functions simultaneously. These and other "synthetic multifunctional materials" are being explored by U.S. Defense Advanced Projects Agency (DARPA) for applications ranging from protective vests that store energy for the "energy sufficient" soldier, to structural shells that provide actuation, energy storage, energy conversion, and/or sensing functions for bird- or insect-like micro air vehicles.

November 17, 2000
Macroscopic Fibers and Ribbons of Oriented Carbon Nanotubes
Brigitte Vigolo, Alain Pénicaud, Claude Coulon, Cédric Sauder, René Pailler, Catherine Journet, Patrick Bernier, Philippe Poulin
Science  November 17, 2000  1331-1334
A simple method was used to assemble single-walled carbon nanotubes into indefinitely long ribbons and fibers. The processing consists of dispersing the nanotubes in surfactant solutions, recondensing the nanotubes in the flow of a polymer solution to form a nanotube mesh, and then collating this mesh to a nanotube fiber. Flow-induced alignment may lead to a preferential orientation of the nanotubes in the mesh that has the form of a ribbon. Unlike classical carbon fibers, the nanotube fibers can be strongly bent without breaking. Their obtained elastic modulus is 10 times higher than the modulus of high-quality bucky paper. ...Although it is intrinsically different from more classical techniques used to make microfibers by pulling or drawing viscoelastic fluids, it can also be easily scaled up for high-volume production.

June 16, 2000
A Low-Operating-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell in Hydrocarbon-Air Mixtures
Takashi Hibino, Atsuko Hashimoto, Department of Structure Formation Process,
    National Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya, and Takao Inoue,  
Jun-ichi Tokuno,      Shin-ichiro Yoshida, and Mitsuru Sano,
Graduate School of Human Information,
Nagoya University, Japan
Science June 16, 2000 2031-2033
No carbon deposition was observed on the anode after operation. In addition, the impedance spectra of the cell showed small electrode-reaction resistances: 0.34 ohms for 723 K, 0.79 ohms for 673 K, and 1.64 ohms for 623 K. It appears that such fast electrode kinetics clean the precursors for carbon formation on the anode. ... The cell performance in a mixture of propane and air was similar to that in a mixture of ethane and air, except at 723 K, where the Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 electrode could not function well as the cathode, because this material was no longer inert to the oxidation of propane. On the other hand, the EMFs generated from the cell in a mixture of methane and air were only ~120 mV throughout the tested temperature range, where the oxidation rate of methane was too slow to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide over the 10 weight % SDC-containing Ni anode.... We thus conclude that ethane and propane can be successfully used in the present SOFC at an operating temperature of 773 K or less. Because of their similar properties, we can assume that liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or even butane would perform equally well. The present SOFC has several additional advantages over PEFCs: (i) The anode is not subject to poisoning by carbon monoxide, whereas it is a critical problem for PEFCs). (ii) There is no noble metal, such as Pt, in our SOFC, so fabrication costs are low. (iii) Although PEFCs themselves can operate at low temperatures, the hydrocarbon reformer  must operate at a higher temperature than our SOFC. (iv) The single-chamber cell design provides a more compact cell stack. These advantages, as well as the above results, greatly enhance the position of SOFCs as the preferred electric power generation technique for vehicles in the foreseeable future.

April 20, 2000
Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy in the Transport Sector - Energy System Consequences
L. Nielsen and K. Jorgensen, Riso National Laboratory
April 2000
The aim of the project is to analyse energy, environmental and economic aspects of integrating electric vehicles in the future Danish energy system. Consequences of large-scale utilisation of electric vehicles are analysed. The aim is furthermore to illustrate the potential synergistic interplay between the utilisation of electric vehicles and large-scale utilisation of fluctuating renewable energy resources, such as wind power. Economic aspects for electric vehicles interacting with a liberalised electricity market are analysed. The project focuses on battery electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles based on hydrogen.Based on assumptions on the future technical development for battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles on hydrogen, and for the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, scenarios are set up to reflect expected options for the long-term development of road transport vehicles. Focus is put on the Danish fleet of passenger cars and delivery vans. The scenario analysis includes assumptions on market potential developments and market penetration for the alternative vehicles. Vehicle replacement rates in the Danish transport fleet and the size of fleet development are based on data from The Danish Road Directorate. The electricity supply system development assumed is based on the Danish energy plan, Energy 21, The Plan scenario. The time horizon of the analysis is year 2030. Results from the scenario analysis include the time scales involved for the potential transition towards electricity based vehicles, the fleet composition development, the associated developments in transport fuel consumption and fuel substitution, and the potential CO₂-emission reduction achievable in the overall transport and power supply system.

March 2000
Fuel Cells for Distributed Generation  - A Technology and Marketing Survey
Energy Center of Wisconsin

1999

December 2, 1999
Further Studies of the Interaction of Hydrogen with Graphite Nanofibers
C. Park, P. E. Anderson, A. Chambers, C. D. Tan, R. Hidalgo, and N. M. Rodriguez
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, No. 48 pp. 10553 - 10728

October 1999
Renewable Energy Policy Outside the United States
Curtis Moore and Jack Ihle; Issue Brief No.14, The Renewable Energy Policy Project - REPP
Many industrialized nations have enacted a variety of policies to commercialize renewable energy—some are appropriate for the U.S. to pursue, others not. The U.S. can learn from all of them to expand its own domestic renewable energy market. But if the U.S. does not commit to a multi-year, diverse mix of commercialization strategies soon, it will continue to lose its share of a growing global market. 

The Renewable Energy Policy Project has released a new paper, "Renewable Energy Policy Outside the United States," which warns that U.S. renewable energy technology firms are losing ground to overseas companies. It notes that "Europeans have now seized the lead in deploying" renewable energy technologies and Japan has "systematically laid the groundwork for a possible widescale deployment of renewable energy." The report assess green labeling, consumer financing, guaranteed electricity purchases, tax incentives, competitive bidding, and other measures being used in Germany, Denmark, Japan, United Kingdom, and The Netherlands. -- Sustainable Energy Coalition "Weekly Update"     11/14/1999

June 11, 1999
PROSPECTS FOR BUILDING A HYDROGEN ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE - final draft
Joan M. Ogden
Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University
About two thirds of primary energy today is used directly as transportation and heating fuels. Any discussion of energy-related issues, such as air pollution, global climate change and energy supply security, raises the issue of future use of alternative fuels. Hydrogen offers large potential benefits in terms of reduced emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases and diversified primary energy supply. Like electricity, hydrogen is a premium quality energy carrier, which can be used with high efficiency and zero emissions. Hydrogen can be made from a variety of feedstocks including natural gas, coal, biomass, wastes, solar, wind or nuclear. Hydrogen vehicles, heating and power systems have been technically demonstrated. Key hydrogen end-use technologies such as fuel cells are making rapid progress toward commercialization. If hydrogen is made from renewable or decarbonized fossil sources, it would be possible to have a large scale energy system with essentially no emissions of pollutants or greenhouse gases. Despite these potential benefits, the development of a large scale hydrogen energy infrastructure is often seen as an insurmountable technical and economic barrier. Here we review the current status of technologies for hydrogen production, storage, transmission and distribution; describe likely areas for  technological progress; and discuss the implications for developing hydrogen as an energy carrier.

The Impact of Declining Major North Sea Oil Fields Upon Future North Sea Production
Roger Blanchard, Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY
There are 30 major or giant fields in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea and 52 major or giant fields in the U.K. sector of the North Sea which contain most of the oil in these two countries. ...Many of the fields in the North Sea have peaked in recent years and are declining.  ...It doesn't appear that the EIA is considering the high decline rates of major and giant oil fields or the EUR values from the U.S. Geological Survey when making projections of future production in the U.K. and Norway, or for that matter, in their global assessment. The situation in the North Sea appears to exist in many producing basins around the world and must be considered in long-term supply forecasts.

July 1, 1999
Rapid Climate Change
Kendrick Taylor, research professor with the Water Resources Center of the Desert Research Institute; B.S. in geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines; M.S. in geophysics from the University of Wisconsin, Madison; Ph.D. in hydrogeology/hydrology from the University of Nevada, Reno; Chief Scientist for the National Science Foundation’s WAISCORES program, which is recovering the first of two deep Antarctic ice cores.
Much to the surprise of investigators, evidence is mounting that major changes in the earth’s climate can take place in a very short time. Data from ice cores and ocean sediments suggest, for example, that 11,650 years ago the climate in Greenland switched from ice-age conditions to the current relatively warm conditions (a warming of 5 to 10 degrees Celsius on average) in only 40 years. The author describes the oceanic currents that influence climate and establish its stability, as well as “triggers” that may perturb changes -- including the possibility that “greenhouse” warming could invoke a rapid switch.

March 1, 1999
Total Fuel Cycle Impacts of Advanced Vehicles
Frank Stodolsky, Linda Gaines, Christopher L. Marshall, Feng An and James J. Eberhardt     1999 SAE International Congress and Exposition Detroit, MI March 1-4, 1999 #1999-01-0322
Recent advances in fuel-cell technology and low-emission, direct-injection spark-ignition and diesel engines for vehicles could significantly change the transportation vehicle power plant landscape in the next decade or so. This paper is a scoping study that compares total fuel cycle options for providing power to personal transport vehicles. The key question asked is, "How much of the energy from the fuel feedstock is available for motive power?" ... Cases considered are hydrogen fuel from methane and from iso-octane in generic proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel-cell vehicles, methane and iso-octane in spark-ignition (SI) engine vehicles, and diesel fuel (from methane or petroleum) in direct-injection (DI) diesel engine vehicles. We also consider advanced hybrid technology to develop an upper bound for vehicle efficiency realizable using internal combustion engines (ICEs). Future technology fuel-cell vehicles and future technology hybrid ICE vehicles (particularly those with direct-injection engines) have similar projected ranges of efficiency. Differences, if any, will only become apparent after fuel-cell and advanced ICE vehicles are ready for market testing. The main challenge for fuel-cell vehicles is to improve the efficiency of hydrogen production (off-board and on-board).

March 1, 1999
Fuel-Cycle Energy and Emissions Impacts of Propulsion System/Fuel Alternatives for Tripled Fuel-Economy Vehicles
Marianne M. Mintz, Michael Q. Wang, Anant D. Vyas     Alternative Fuels for CI Engines-SAE #1999-01-1118
This paper presents the results of Argonne National Laboratory's assessment of the fuel-cycle energy and emissions impacts of 13 combinations of fuels and propulsion systems that are potential candidates for light-duty vehicles with tripled fuel economy (3X vehicles). These vehicles are being developed by the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). Eleven fuels were considered: reformulated gasoline (RFG), reformulate diesel (RFD), methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel and hydrogen. RFG, methanol, ethanol, LPG, CNG, and LNG were assumed engines. RFD, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, biodiesel and dimethyl ether were assumed to be burned in compression-ignition, direct-injection (CIDI) engines. Hydrogen, RFG and methanol were assumed to be used in fuel-cell vehicles.

March 1, 1999
Designing Sulfur-Resistant, Noble-Metal Hydrotreating Catalysts
Chunshan Song - American Chemical Society
As the world continues to rely heavily on liquid transportation fuels, it has become increasingly important to make cleaner fuels that are environmentally friendly in production and use. Hydrogenation and desulfurization of distillate fuels, particularly diesel fuels, are receiving considerable attention because of the increasingly more stringent environmental regulations on the composition of transportation fuel (1-7). Hydrogenation of aromatic compounds is exothermic, and is therefore favored at lower reaction temperatures. However, conventional supported Ni-Mo and Co-Mo sulfide hydrotreating catalysts become active only at relatively high temperatures. Although noble metals are hydrogenation active at low temperatures, their use as catalysts will become attractive only if their sulfur resistance can be greatly enhanced. In this article, I report a new approach for the design of noble-metal catalysts for hydrotreating sulfur-containing distillates to produce clean distillate fuels such as diesel fuels, jet fuels, and gasoline.

1/21/1999
The Secret Nature of Hydrogen Bonds
E.Isaacs, A.Shukla, P. Platzman, D. Hamann, B. Barbiellini, C.A. Tulk - American Institute of Physics
A US-France-Canada physics collaboration has unambiguously confirmed for the first time the controversial notion--first advanced in the 1930s by famous chemist and Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling--that the weak "hydrogen" bonds in water partially get their identity from stronger "covalent" bonds in the H₂O molecule. As Pauling correctly surmised, this property is a manifestation of the fact that electrons in water obey the bizarre laws of quantum mechanics, the modern theory of matter and energy at the atomic scale. Performed by researchers at Bell Labs-Lucent Technologies in the US, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France, and the National Research Council of Canada, the experiment provides important new details on water's microscopic properties, which surprisingly remain largely unknown and difficult to measure. To be published in the January 18 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters, these new details will not only allow researchers to improve predictions involving water and hydrogen bonds, but may also advance seemingly unrelated areas such as nanotechnology and superconductors.

1998

June 8, 1998
Stuart Fuel Appliance: The Zero Emission Fuel Reformer
Matthew J. Fairlie    Alternative Transportation Fuels - 1998 Windsor Workshop Proceedings
Gaseous hydrogen, either stored as compressed gas or hydride, enables CO2 free sources of electricity to be distributed through existing infrastructure to provide power or hydrogen as "stored fuel".

A Partial Oxidation Technique for Fuel-Cell Anode Exhaust-Gas Synthesis
Randall S. Gemmon, Edward H. Robey, Jr.  U.S. Department of Energy, FETC Publications, Technical Reports
This paper describes the performance of a gas generator used to synthesize the exhaust gas from the anode of a molten-carbonate fuel cell.

April 7, 1998
Solid Hydrogen at 342 GPa: No Evidence for an Alkali Metal
by Chandrabhas Narayana, Huan Luo, Jon Orloff, Arthur L. Ruoff - Nature
Solid hydrogen, an electrical insulator, is predicted to become an alkali metal under extreme compression, although controversy surrounds the pressure required to achieve this. The electrical conductivity of hydrogen as a function of pressure and temperature is of both fundamental and practical interest--metallic hydrogen may be of relevance to planetary interiors, and has been suggested as a potential high-temperature superconductor. Calculations suggest that depairing (destruction of the molecular bond) should occur around 340 GPa, accompanied by the formation of an alkali metal at this pressure, or at substantially higher pressures. Here we report that solid hydrogen does not become an alkali metal at pressures of up to 342 10 GPa, achieved using a diamond anvil cell. This pressure (which is almost comparable to that at the centre of the Earth) significantly exceeds those reached in earlier experiments--216 GPa  and 191 GPa -- at which hydrogen was found to be non-metallic. The failure of solid hydrogen to become an alkali metal at the extreme pressures reported here has implications for our current theoretical understanding of the solid-state phase. -- from May 7, 1998 Nature

March 17, 1998
Hydrogen Adsorption and Desorption in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes - an NMR Study
A. Kleinhammes, C. Bower, O. Zhou, Y. Wu - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina Session I19 - Fullerenes and Nanotubes V: Chemical Doping, Physisorption, and Arrays, Los Angeles Convention Center
Due to their small diameter and extended length carbon nanotubes can be viewed as nano-capillaries. Recently Dillon et. al.(Dillon, A.C. et. al. Nature 386, 379 (1997)) demonstrated that highly packed H_2 can be stored in and removed from single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) near room temperature. We use NMR to study in situ the adsorption and desorption process of H_2 in carbon nanotubes. Our samples are made via laser ablation from graphite targets and contain more than 60 % SWNTs with a small distribution of tube diameters. NMR gives an unambiguous measure of the "recyclable" H_2. As a microscopic method NMR provides detailed information about the kinetics of the adsorbed H_2 and determines quantitatively the amount of adsorbed H_2 molecules in each different environment. Preliminary work shows that this approach is feasible. Details of adsorption and desorption behavior of H_2 in SWNTs as a function of temperature and pressure will be discussed.

March 1998
Rotational Excitations of Interstitial Hydrogen in Na_xC_60
Stephen FitzGerald, Taner Yildirim, John Copley, Lou Santodonato, Dan Neumann, John Rush (NIST Gaithersburg, MD)  Abstract submitted to the March 1998 Meeting of the American Physical Society, Los Angeles.
The fcc lattice of solid C_60 has large interstitial sites which can accommodate various atomic and molecular species. We have shown that loading pressures on the order of a kbar are sufficient to fill 100 % of the octahedral sites with H_2 molecules. Inelastic neutron scattering reveals that the interstitial hydrogen rotates relatively freely even at temperatures as low as 4 K. However, the absence of any recoil effect confirms that the molecules are translationaly bound in the octahedral site. We find that H_2 can also be loaded into Na_2C_60 and Na_4C_60. Na_2C_60 is unusual in that the two sodium ions only occupy the smaller tetrahedral sites. Our results show that their presence increases the splitting of the H_2 rotational transition by a relatively small amount from 0.7 meV in the case of pure C_60 to 1.0 meV for Na_2C_60. In contrast for Na_4C_60 in which the sodium ions are located in both the octahedral and tetrahedral sites the splitting of the hydrogen mode is more than a order of magnitude larger than that of the pure C_60.

1997

December 16, 1997
Manipulation of Individual Carbon Nanotubes and Their Interaction with Surfaces
Tobias Hertel, Richard Martel, and Phaedon Avouris
IBM Research Division, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 - J. Phys. Chem. B, 102 (6), 910 -915, 1998
Progress toward structurally well-defined nanotube samples recently has been achieved by the synthesis of single-walled nanotubes, a high content of these having identical molecular structure. However, presently there is little control over the alignment and shape of absorbed nanotubes. Electric transport through nanotubes was studied after their random deposition on a substrate bearing electrical contacts and thus relied on chance that a nanotube with the proper alignment would be found. Such studies will greatly benefit from schemes that allow the control of the position and shape of the nanotubes. This is of course also essential if the nanotubes are to be used in any future device technology.

Energy-Efficient Technologies for the Dismounted Soldier (1997)
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
Improved Fuel cell systems can extend mission times for the dismounted soldier because they can be designed to carry varying amounts of fuel for short or long missions without adding weight to the power generating part of the unit.   Fuel cells differ from most other fueled systems in that system efficiency improves as the power is throttled back. ...Until recently, the specific powers of fuel cells were too low to be attractive for human-portable systems.  Recent advances in PEMFCs, however, have greatly improved their specific powers and significantly lowered catalyst costs.  Therefore, PEMFCs should be reevaluated. ...The specific power of small PEMFC stacks operating on hydrogen and air is now 50 to 100 W/kg.  The rest of the system will reduce this figure significantly.  For example, the Ball Aerospace "Snorkler" fuel cell system provides 100 W of power, 5 kWh of energy, and weighs 12.24 kg...

Study of Large Hydrogen Liquification Process
H. Matsuda and M. Nagami - Nippon Sanso Corp. 1997 Proceedings The 4th Japan-Korea Joint Symposium '97 on Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen gas is generated by electrolysis utilizing the electric power produced by renewable energy sources such as hydroelectric power, wind power, or solar power. Then hydrogen gas is liquefied, transported to energy consumption area, stored there, and utilized as fuel with oxygen gas for electric power generation by a combustion turbine. For this purpose a large scale hydrogen liquefaction plant with high process efficiency has to be constructed. Nippon Sanso Corp. together with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Teisan is responsible for the study to develop this large hydrogen liquefaction plant in this project.

WE-NET: The National Hydrogen Program of Japan - Vision and Status
Kazukiyo Okano - WE-NET Office, Engineering Advancement Association of Japan  1997  Proceedings The 4th Japan-Korea Joint Symposium '97 on Hydrogen Energy
The WE-NET program proposes to convert hydropower and other renewable energy, that are available in abundant quantities and not being used at the present in various part of the world, into hydrogen through water electrolysis and other appropriate processes, and transport hydrogen to the countries in demand. The transportation of hydrogen would be carried out by ships in the form of liquefied hydrogen. Hydrogen would be stored in the energy consumption areas and used to generate electricity by means of hydrogen combustion turbines and in other forms of application such as hydrogen vehicles and fuel cells etc. The WE-NET program proposes to carry out international cooperation for developing the core technologies required to build the international network making it possible to materialize the energy utilization scheme described above, as well as the optimum design of the network system.

Basic Design of Large Apparatus for Measuring Insulator Thermal Conductivity
Shoji Kamiya, Kenjiro Haraguchi,and Eiji Kawagoe - Kanto Institute, Noda plant, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, LTD.  1997  Proceedings The 4th Japan-Korea Joint Symposium '97 on Hydrogen Energy
In WE-NET project, we have been studying a large capacity liquid hydrogen storage system for ground tanks and transportation tankers. In this study, developing thermal insulators for a large storage tank, which can provide with the excellent thermal insulation for decreasing boil off rate of LH₂ and the optimized strength structure required for large scale, is indispensable. Various insulators having different thermal structures and materials are being devised. Thermal characteristics of devised insulators should be evaluated by the correct method valid for designing the full scale insulator, not by the conventional method for a small specimen. Hence we have performed the basic design of a large apparatus for measuring large insulator thermal conductivity to get its thermal data needed for designing a full scale tank.

High Performance Solid Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolyzer by Hot-Press Method
Takahiro Nakanori, Kayoko Okisawa, Mikimasa Yamaguchi - New Energy Laboratory, Fuji Electric Corporate Research and Development, Ltd. 1997  Proceedings The 4th Japan-Korea Joint Symposium '97 on Hydrogen Energy
In term of technical features, Fuji Electric's technological approach call for membrane-electrode assemblies to be formed by a hot-press method. In term of development activities, we have constructed a cell with 200cm² membrane-electrode assemblies by the hot-press method, and obtained 93.7% of high energy efficiency for 1A/cm² at 80-degree with the 200cm² cell. Based on the results of this study, we have developed a 5-cell stack with the 200cm² membrane electrode assembly, that registered 7.917V of low stack voltage and 92.8% of high energy efficiency for 1A/cm² at 80-degree under atmospheric pressure.

Membrane Fuel Cells - Concepts and System Design
Heinzel, A.; Nolte, R.; Ledjeff-Hey, K.1; Zedda, M.  August 31, 1997  Proceedings1997 Joint International Meeting of The Electrochemical Society and The International Society of Electrochemistry, Paris, France

Photovoltaics, Hydropower and Gasgenerator: The Hybrid Energy System in Kaysersberg (France)
Preiser, K.; Bopp, G.; Dohlen, K. von 
June 30, 1997  Proceedings 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain

ERC Direct Carbonate Fuel Cell Program Overview
H. Maru, M. Farooque, G. Carlson, P. Patel, and C. Yuh, Energy Research Corporation
C. Bentley, Fuel Cell Manufacturing Corporation
D. Glenn and A. Kush, Fuel Cell Engineering Corporation
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Santa Clara Direct Carbonate Fuel Cell Demonstration
Anthony J. Leo and Andrew J. Skok, Fuel Cell Engineering Corporation
Thomas P. O’Shea, Santa Clara Demonstration Project
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia
The natural gas fueled power plant consists of the fuel cell power section (16 electrochemical fuel cell stacks, configured into four 4-stack submodules) and the balance of plant (BOP) equipment.  The BOP is comprised of the process, mechanical, and electrical equipment which provides the required gas flows to the stacks and converts the stacks' DC power to AC power at the required grid voltage.

M-C Power Commercialization Program Overview
Elias H. Camara, M-C Power Corporation
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

NAS Miramar Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Demonstration Status
Joseph A. Scroppo and René M. Laurens, M-C Power Corporation
R.A. Figueroa, San Diego Gas & Electric
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Westinghouse Program Overview
R. George, Westinghouse Science & Technology Center
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Westinghouse SOFC Field Unit Status
S. Veyo, Westinghouse Science & Technology Center
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

SOFC System Analysis
Tan-Ping Chen, Bechtel Corporation
John D. Wright, TDA Research, Inc.
Kevin Krist, Gas Research Institute
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

 5.1 Thin-Film Fuel Cells
Steven J. Visco, Craig Jacobson, and Lutgard C. De Jonghe
     Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Advanced Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Mechanical Properties of Lanthanum Chromite
Timothy R. Armstrong, Suresh Baskaran, and Steven W. Pulik
     Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Micro-Engineered Cathode Interface Studies
Rajiv Doshi and Michael Krumpelt, Argonne National Laboratory
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Composite Ceria Electrolytes
Scott L. Swartz and William J. Dawson, NexTech Materials, Ltd.
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Lanthanum Gallate as a New SOFC Electrolyte
John B. Goodenough and Kequin Huang, University of Texas at Austin
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Performance Studies: Anode Development
Wayne Huebner and Harlan U. Anderson, University of Missouri-Rolla
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Planar SOFC Integrated System Technology Development
S. Elangovan, J. Hartvigsen, A. Khandkar, R. Privette, K. Kneidel, M.A. Perna, and M. Tharp, SOFCo
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Tape-Calendered SOFC Stack Development
Nguyen Q. Minh, Brandon Chung, and Kurt Montgomery, Allied Signal Aerospace Equipment Systems
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) for the Direct Oxidation of Methane
Raymond J. Gorte, John M. Vohs, and Wayne L. Worrell, University of Pennsylvania
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Low Temperature, High Performance, Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Stacks
Anil V. Virkar, Jai-Woh Kim, and Karun Mehta, University of Utah
Kuan-Zong Fung, Materials and Systems Research, Inc.
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Application of Ceria Layers to Increase Low-Temperature SOFC Power Density
Scott Barnett, Erica Perry, and David Kaufman, Northwestern University
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

SOFC Stack Performance Goals
John D. Wright, TDA Research Inc.
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Evaluation of Small-Particle Plasma Spray for SOFC Electrolyte Deposition
Daniel E. Boss, Thomas Bernecki, David Kaufman, Scott Barnett, Northwestern University
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Non-Segregating Electrolytes for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
T.D. Kaun, I.D. Bloom, and M. Krumpelt, Argonne National Laboratory
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

200 kW B Anaerobic Digester System
Yan Kishinevsky, New York Power Authority
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

An Integrated Fuel Processor for PEM Fuel Cells
David J. Edlund and William A. Pledger, Northwest Power Systems, LLC
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Researches and Development of a Fuel Cell With Protonic Conductivity
Yuri N. Kleschev, Russian Federal Nuclear Center
Valery P. Gorelov, Institute of High-temperature Electrochemistry
Vladislav V. Sagalovich, Scientific-Technological Enterprise (STIN)
August 26-28, 1997    Fuel Cells '97 Review Meeting, Morgantown, West Virginia

Recovering Hydrogen and Sulfur from Refinery Wastes
John Harkness May 8, 1997  Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne National Laboratory-based researchers are developing a new process, called MISHA, that uses microwave plasma chemistry to split hydrogen sulfide. This patented process recovers hydrogen and sulfur from hydrogen sulfide and recycles the hydrogen to the refinery. MISHA (Microwave-Induced Sulfur and Hydrogen Autolysis) is an excellent fit for refineries because it would replace both the operating old Claus and tail-gas clean-up units while decreasing costly on-site hydrogen production. In some refinery situations, MISHA can also replace the amine purification unit, thereby achieving even greater refinery savings.

1996

Is clean enough? - The influence of environmental externalities on markets for fuel cells in transport
Günter Hörmandinger and Nigel J. D. Lucas, 1996  Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College, London - Published in Transportation Research D Vol.1, .
The situation of the fuel cell is investigated by setting up a model of a fleet of urban buses, widely regarded as one of the earliest applications for these devices, for a time in the near future (five to ten years from now). Most cost parameters correspond to the present, except the assumed cost of the fuel cell of $300 per kilowatt, a value that has not been achieved today but that is believed possible in the future. The private cost for the fuel cell driven bus exceeds that of its diesel counterpart by between 23 and 33 per cent, depending on the vehicle size. However, the fuel cell can become competitive through economies of scale in the chemical plant required to generate the hydrogen fuel. The inclusion of environmental externalities in the framework of a social cost calculation fails to shift the balance unanimously in favour of the fuel cell, in spite of the superior environmental performance offered by this technology.

Hydrogen - The Energy Carrier of the Future
James J. MacKenzie 10/28/1996 World Resources Institute, Los Alamos, New Mexico National Educators' Workshop: Update 96
Energy has played a critical role in human evolution. Over the centuries, there have been major transitions from renewable sources (animal and human power, water and wind power, and wood) to the present industrial system based primarily on fossil fuels. Current patterns of global energy use, however, are not sustainable. Fossil fuels account for about 90 per cent of world commercial energy supply. Though large, reserves of these fuels are finite and depletion will eventually limit their use. Indeed, there is evidence suggesting that world production of crude oil will begin to decline early in the next century. Global climate change is a second, more immediate, factor in the non-sustainability of present energy use. The balance of evidence suggests that fuel-related emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are having a discernible impact on the earth's climate. To limit the concentrations of these gases, emissions will have to be reduced. A goal is commonly suggested of keeping CO2 concentrations below a doubling relative to preindustrial levels. (The CO2 concentration is now about 30 percent over preindustrial levels.) Yet, though it would require major cuts in fuel burning to achieve this objective, there is no guarantee that reaching it would be sufficient to protect the climate. Improved energy efficiency and the introduction of renewable energy sources are the most promising means for moving toward sustainable energy use. Renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaics are friendly to the atmosphere but are intermittent and diffuse. Both of these limitations can be overcome -- at a price -- by converting renewable energy into hydrogen, a readily storable, transportable, clean burning energy carrier. The technical and economic obstacles to the widespread use of solar energy and hydrogen are outlined.

In Vitro Hydrogen Production by Glucose Dehydrogenase and Hydrogenase
Woodward, J.; Mattingly, S.M.; Danson, M.J.; Hough, D.W.; Ward, N.; and Adams, M.W.W. 1996.  Nature Biotechnology. In press.
A new in vitro enzymatic pathway for the generation of molecular hydrogen from glucose was demonstrated and is based upon the oxidation of glucose by glucose dehydrogenase and the oxidation of NADPH by hydrogenase. Both enzymes are from thermophiles belonging to the separate domain of microorganisms called Archaea.

Stationary Power Applications for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Wilson, Mahlon S.; Zawodzinski, Christine; Gottesfeld, Shimshon; and Landgrebe, Albert R. 1996. In Proceedings Volume of the Eleventh Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, pp. 107122, January, Long Beach, CA.
The benefits provided by Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC) for power generation (e.g., low operating temperatures and noncorrosive and stable electrolyte), as well as advances in recent years in lowering their cost and improving anode poisoning tolerance, are stimulating interest in the system for stationary power applications. While the large utility applications are envisioned as belonging to the MCFC and SOFC, there are many applications such as utility peak generation, demand-side-management, and dispersed power generation for which the PAFC and PEFC are probably more attractive options.

Characterization of Polymer Electrolyte Fuels Cells Using AC Impedance Spectroscopy
Springer, T.E.; Zawodzinski, T.A.; Wilson, M.S.; and Gottesfeld, S. 1996. J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 143, No. 2, February.
The ac impedance spectra of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) cathodes measured under various experimental conditions are analyzed. Properties of measured impedance spectra are analyzed by a PEFC model to probe the effect of ac perturbation.

Hydrogen Transport and Storage in Engineered Glass Microspheres
Rambach, Glenn D. 1996. Presented at the recent Annual DOE Hydrogen Contractor's Review.
This bulk hydrogen transport technique is a spin-off of laser fusion target technology and probably falls between tube trailer transport and liquid transport in economics.
UCRL-JC-120054, Rev. 1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550.

Options for Refueling Hydrogen Vehicles: A Southern California Case Study
Ogden, J.M. 1996. Presented at the 7th National Hydrogen Association Meeting, Alexandria, VA, April 3.
Assesses the options for developing a refueling infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles in Southern California, considering projected demands for zero-emission vehicles and current potential hydrogen supplies.

Refueling Infrastructure Needs for Fuel Cell Vehicles
Ogden, J.M. 1996. Presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers Topical Technical Conference on Fuel Cells for Transportation, Alexandria, VA, April 1.
Discusses the technical options and challenges for developing a hydrogen vehicle refueling infrastructure.

Hydrogen Production Using Microorganisms in Hollow-Fiber Bioreactors
Markov, S.A.; Weaver, P.; and Seibert, M. 1996. Proceedings of the 11th World Hydrogen Energy Conference. In press.
Application of Hollow-Fiber Bioreactors in photosynthetic bacterial and algal H₂-producing systems.

Fuel cells for electrical energy from gasified biomass
Heinzel, A.; Formanski, V.1; Ledjeff-Hey, K.1; Schaumberg, G.  June 24, 1996 Proceedings 9th European Bioenergy Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Technical and Economic Analysis of Renewables-Based Hydrogen Production
Mann, M.K.; Spath, P.L.; and Kadam, K. 1996. Proceedings of the 11th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Stuttgart, Germany, June 23-28.
The focus of this paper is on the cost analysis of the projects at NREL funded by the Hydrogen Program, which include gasification and pyrolysis of biomass followed by steam reforming, photoelectrolysis, hydrogen production by green alga and water-gas shift by immobilized bacteria. A novel storage medium and a hydrogen leak detector have also been investigated.

Production of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes using Concentrated Sunlight
Heben, M.J.; Bekkedahl, T.A.; Jones, K.M.; Schulz, D.L.; Curtis, C.J.; Pitts, J.R.; and Fields, C.L. 1996. In Proceedings of the 189th Electrochemical Society Meeting in Los Angeles, May 5-10.
Details the work described at the 189th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society in Los Angeles, May 5-10, 1996. In brief, NREL's High-Flux Solar Furnace was used to prepare single-wall carbon nanotubes. This is the first reported used of concentrated sunlight for nanotube production.

Oxygen Sensitivity of Algal H₂-Production
Ghirardi, M.; Toon, S.; and Seibert, M. 1996.  Appl. Biochem. Biotech.
In preparation. Characterization of the O₂ sensitivity of Chlamydomonas H₂ production activity and selection of more O₂-tolerant variants.

Hydrogen Adsorption in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes via a Nanocapillary Filling Mechanism
Dillon, A.C.; Bekkedahl, T.A.; Jones, K.M.; and Heben, M.J. 1996 - In Proceedings of the 189th Electrochemical Society Meeting in Los Angeles, May 5-10.
Details the works described at the 189th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society in Los Angeles, May 5-10, 1996. In addition to temperature-programmed desorption experiments, reactivity of single-wall nanotubes toward water oxidation and kinetic issues are discussed.

Fuel Cell and Energy Storage
Ledjeff-Hey, K.; Heinzel, A. September 16, 1996 Proceedings EuroSun ´96, Freiburg

The PEMFC Program of the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Ledjeff-Hey, K.; Heinzel, A.; Nolte, R.; Gieshoff, J.  September 5, 1996  Proceedings 2nd International Fuel Cell Conference, Kobe, Japan, pp. 551-554

7.5 kW Solid Polymer Fuel Cell with Natural Gas Processor - A Component of an Energy Project in Saxony
Ledjeff-Hey, K.; Gieshoff, J.; Formanski, V.; Vogel, B.  June 23, 1996  Proceedings 11th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Stuttgart, Vol. 2, pp. 1685-1693

High voltage - small current fuel cell concept based on functional membranes
Nolte, R.; Kolbe, A.; Ledjeff-Hey, K.  June 17, 1996  Proceedings 37th Power Source Conference, Cherry Hill, USA, pp. 77-80

Safety Device for Hydrogen Appliances
Gieshoff, J.; Ledjeff-Hey, K.  June 23, 1996  Proceedings 11th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Stuttgart, Vol. 3, pp. 2355-2360

PEM Fuel Cells for Transportation and Stationary Power Generation Applications
Cleghorn, Simon; Ren, Xiaoming; Springer, Thomas; Wilson, Mahlon; Zawodzinski, Christine; Zawodzinski, Thomas; and Gottesfeld, Shimshon. June 23, 1996  Submitted for Keynote Lecture. Proceedings 11th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Stuttgart, Germany
Describes recent activities at Los Alamos National Laboratory devoted to polymer electrolyte fuel cells in the contexts of stationary power generation and transportation applications.

1995

August 7, 1995
Series Hybrid Vehicles and Optimized Hydrogen Engine Design
J. Ray Smith, Salvador Aceves, Peter Van Blarigan - 1995 SAE Future Transportation Technology Conference & Exposition, Costa Mesa, CA
Lawrence Livermore, Sandia Livermore and Los Alamos National Laboratories have a joint project to develop an optmized hydrogen fueled engine for series hybrid automobiles. The major division of responsibility are: system analysis engine design, and kinetics modeling by LLNL; performance and emission testing, and friction reduction by SNL; Computational fluid mechanics and combustion modeling by LANL. This project is a component of the Department of Energy, Office of Utility Technology, National Hydrogen Program. We report here on the progress on the system analysis and preliminary testing. We have done system studies of series hybrid automobiles that approach the PNGV design goal of 34 km/liter (80 mpg), for 384 km (240 miles) and 608 km (380 mi) ranges. Our results indicate that such a vehicle appears feasible using an optimized hydrogen engine. The impact of various on-board storage options on fuel economy are evaluated. Initial experiments with neat hydrogen and an available engine at Sandia Combustion Research Facility demonstrated NOx emissions of 10 to 20 ppm for an equivalent ratio of 0.4 and about 500 ppm for an equivalent ratio of 0.5. Hybrid vehicle simulation studies indicate that exhaust NOx concentrations must be less than 180 ppm to meet the 0.2 g/mile California Air Resources Board ULEV or Federal Tier II emissions regulations. Current experiments involve a first generation optimized hydrogen engine consisting of an in-house designed and fabricated cylinder head and an Onan single cylinder diesel block. This head currently features 14.8:1 compression ratio, dual ignition, water cooling, two valves and open quiescent combustion chamber to minimize heat transfer losses. Initial testing shows promise of achieving an indicated efficiency of 42 to 46% and emissions of less than 100 ppm NOx. Hydrocarbons and CO are to be measured, but are expected to be very low since their only source is engine lubricating oil. A successful friction reduction program on the Onan engine should result in thermal efficiency in excess of 40% compared to today's gasoline engine of 32 %. Specific engine data on indicated efficiency, MBT timing and burn duration are reported. Based on system studies requirements, the next generation engine will have a displacement of about 2 liters and is projected to achieve 46 % brake thermal efficiency with outputs of 15 kW for cruise and 40 kW for hill climb. The concept of the series hybrid includes on-off engine operation mode with all operation taking place at wide open throttle to minimize pumping losses.

June 12, 1995
Progress Toward an Optimized Hydrogen Series Hybrid Engine
J. Ray Smith, and Salvador M. Aceves, Norman L. Johnson, Anthony A. Amsden - Paper submitted to A.S.M.E., Internal Combustion Engine '95 Fall Conference, Milwaukee, WI, Sept. 24
The design considerations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of high efficiency, low emissions, hydrogen-fueled engine for use as the prime mover of a series hybrid automobile is described. The series hybrid automobile uses the engine to generate electrical energy via a lightweight generator, the electrical energy is stored in a power peaking device (like a flywheel or ultracapacitor) and used as required to meet the tractive drive requirements (plus accessory loads) through an electrical motor. The engine/generator is stopped whenever the energy storage device is fully charged. Engine power output required was determined with a vehicle simulation code to be 15 to 20 kW steady state with peak output of 40 to 50 kW for hill climb. Combustion chamber and engine geometry were determined from a critical review of the hydrogen engine experiments in the literature combined with a simplified global engine model. Hydrogen's high effective octane number and high flame speed permits high compression ratio and very lean operation to simultaneously achieve high efficiency and low NOx emissions. The baseline design has dual-ignition, 15:1 compression ratio and operates in the 0.4 to 0.5 equivalent ratio range using homogeneous charge. The engine is currently envisioned as naturally aspirated with tuned intake and exhaust at the 15 to 20 kW level and supercharged to achieve the 40 to 45 kW power level. The engine is projected to operate in the 1800 to 3600 RPM range to minimize friction losses. Two different engine models are employed to guide engine design. The models are simplified global engine performance model that relies strongly on correlations with literature data for heat transfer and friction losses, and state-of-the-art CFD combustion model, KIVA-3, to elucidate fluid mechanics and combustion details through full three-dimensional modeling. Both intake and exhaust processes as well as hydrogen combustion chemistry and thermal NOx production are simulated. Ultimately, a comparison between the simulation and experimental results will lead to improved modeling and will give guidance to changes required in the next generation engine to achieve our goal of 45 % brake thermal efficiency.

Proceedings of the 1995 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Vol. I and II.
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Management, Advanced Utility Concepts Division. 1995.  Papers presented at the program review, April 18-21, Coral Gables, FL. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/CP-430-20036.
Contains 43 papers covering all FY 1995 DOE-sponsored research on hydrogen production, storage, and use, including systems analysis.

Low Platinum Loading Electrodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Fabricated Using Thermoplastic Ionomers
Wilson, Mahlon S.; Valerio, Judith A.; and Gottesfeld, Shimshon. 1995.  Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 355-363.
Low platinum loading catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) consists of a thin film of highly intermixed ionomer and catalyst that is applied to the electrolyte membrane. The discovery that the inclusion of large cations through a simple ion-exchange process renders perfluorosulfonate ionomers moderately melt-processable is exploited to significantly improve the structural integrity of the catalyst layers. Various other aspects of endurance testing and overall operation of such PEFCs are also discussed.

Microbial Hydrogen Production
Weaver, P.F.; Maness, P.-C.; Martin, S.; Muralidharan, S.; and Frank, A.J.  Proc. of the 1995 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, NREL/CP-430-20036, Sept. 1995, pp. 675-82.
This annual report describes research efforts of the previous year. Bacterial strains evolving H₂ from CO (or from synthesis gas generated by thermally gasifying biomass) at rates up to 1.5 mmol-g cdw^-1-mi ^-1 are reported. Oxygen-resistant hydrogenase enzymes from bacterial strains isolated from nature are described. The latter are being examined in anticipation of their genetic transfer to cyanobacterial or algal hosts for the stable photoevolution of H₂ from H₂0.

PEM Fuel Cell Stack Development Based on Membrane-Electrode Assemblies of Ultra-Low Platinum Loadings
Zawodzinski, Christine; Wilson, Mahlon S.; and Gottesfeld, Shimshon. 1995. Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells I. The Electrochemical Society, Inc., Vol. 95-23, pp. 57-65.
We describe initial work on scale-up to a manifolded single cell based on a 100-cm₂ active area, intending to combine multiples of these cells to create fuel cell stacks.

Electrolytic Hydrogen Production Infrastructure Options Evaluation
Thomas, C.E., and Kuhn, I.F., Jr. 1995. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report No. NREL/TP-463-7903 by Directed Technologies, Inc., August.
This report analyzes the cost of producing hydrogen by electrolyzing water using off-peak electricity. It includes a survey of existing off-peak electrical rates, concluding that many utilities already offer off-peak rates below 3.5 to 4 cents/kWh.

Hydrogen vs. Methanol: A Comparative Assessment for Fuel Cell Vehicles (Supplement 1 to Technology Development Goals for Automotive Fuel Cell Power Systems)
Thomas, C.E., and James, Brian D. 1995. Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-94/44, Supplement 1 by Directed Technologies, Inc., July.
This report compares the attributes of a fuel-cell vehicle powered directly by stored high-pressure hydrogen with one powered by methanol using an onboard steam reformer. Costs, air pollution, and greenhouse gas reductions are compared for the two cases.

Progress Towards an Optimized Hydrogen Series Hybrid Engine
Smith, J.R.; Aceves, S.; Johnson, N.L.; and Amsden, A.A. 1995 (in press). Presented at the 1995 Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division, Milwaukee, WI. Presented in the Alternative Fuels Session by Norman Johnson and so well received that the organizers asked that the current status of the project be presented again in 1996.

Reflections on the Nature and Function of the Photosystem II Reaction Centre
Seibert, M. 1995.  Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 22, 161-166.
Structural and functional aspects of the photosynthetic reaction center that drives the water-splitting process of photosynthesis.

Production of HBr from Bromine and Steam for Off-Peak Electrolytic Hydrogen Generation: Semi-Annual Report
Schlief, R.E.; Hanrahan, R.J.; Stoy, M.A.; and Langhoff, P.W. 1995. DOE Cooperative Agreement DEFC3695GO10049, A002, July. Comparison of hydrogen bromide yields in the bromine-steam reaction for nonsolar and solar conditions; the solar boost was less than 15%.

Production of HBr from Bromine and Steam for Off-Peak Electrolytic Hydrogen Generation
Schlief, R.E.; Hanrahan, R.J.; Stoy, M.A.; and Langhoff, P.W. 1995.. DOE Cooperative Agreement DEFC3695GO10049, A002, April. Laboratory studies of the reaction between bromine and steam yielded hydrogen bromide under nonsolar conditions. Temperatures ranged from 915 to 1250 K.

Hydrogen Energy Systems Studies
Ogden, J.M.; Dennis, E.; Steinbugler, M.; and Strohbehn, J. 1995.. Final report for USDOE Contract No. DE-FG04-94AL85803, January 18.
Technical report covering three main topics: (1) refueling station options for hydrogen vehicles, (2) use of hydrogen and hydrogen blends in existing natural gas infrastructure, (3) PEM  fuel cells for residential cogeneration.

Development of Refueling Infrastructure for Hydrogen Vehicles
Ogden, J.M.; Dennis, E.; and Montemayor, K. 1995. Proceedings of the 6th National Hydrogen Association Meeting. March 7-9.
Assessment of options for refueling hydrogen vehicles, including (1) production of hydrogen at the refueling station from small-scale steam reforming of natural gas, (2) production of hydrogen at the refueling station from small-scale electrolysis, (3) centralized production of hydrogen with delivery by truck or pipeline.

Assessment of Renewable Transportation Fuels and Technologies
Ogden, J.M.; Larson, E.D.; and DeLuchi, M.A. 1995. Proceedings of the American Solar Energy Society Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, July 17-20.
Short version of 1994 report by the same authors for the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment.

Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels without CO₂ Emission: Perspectives and Applications
Muradov, N. 1995. Hydrogen Power System International Symposium, Cassino-Gaeta, Italy.
Perspectives of near- and long-term production of hydrogen by the thermocatalyic decomposition of natural gas.

Technical and Economic Analyses of Hydrogen Production via Indirectly Heated Gasification and Pyrolysis
Mann, Margaret K. 1995. "." Proceedings of the 1995 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review. NREL/CP-430-20036, Vol. I, September.
Contains details of a preliminary technoeconomic analysis of the production of hydrogen from biomass pyrolysis oil and a more detailed analysis of a system to produce hydrogen from indirectly heated biomass gasification followed by steam reforming of the syngas.

Technical and Economic Assessment of Producing Hydrogen by Reforming Syngas from the Battelle Indirectly Heated Biomass Gasifier
Mann, Margaret K. 1995. . NREL Industrial Technologies Division report, NREL/TP-431-8143, August.
Contains information on the detailed technical and economic feasibility analysis of producing hydrogen from biomass by means of indirectly heated gasification and steam reforming; includes the necessary selling price of hydrogen and sensitivity analysis on results.

Consideration of Reactor Design for Solar Hydrogen Production from Hydrogen Sulfide Using Semiconductor Particulates
Linkous, C.A.; Muradov, N.Z.; and Ramser, S.N. 1995. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 20, 701.
A discussion of how semiconductor particle reactors might be configured.

Solar Photocatalytic H₂ Production from Water Using a Dual Bed Photosystem
Linkous, C.A. 1995. Proceedings of the National Solar Energy Conference, Minneapolis, MN, July 1520.
A theoretical description of the dual-bed concept.

The Palm Desert Fuel Cell Vehicle Project
Lehman, P.A. 1995. Proceedings of the 6th Annual National Hydrogen Association Meeting. Alexandria, VA, March.
This paper gives an overview of the Palm Desert Renewable Hydrogen Transportation System Project.

Bioelectronics and Biometallocatalysis for Production of Fuels and Chemicals with Photosynthetic Water-Splitting
Lee, J.W., and Greenbaum, E. 1995. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 51/52, 295-305.
An extension of the 1995 Science paper. It showed that metallization with osmium and palladium can also transform photosynthetic membranes for the production of hydrogen and oxygen by water splitting.

Temperature Effect on Production of Hydrogen and Oxygen by Chlamydomonas Cold Strain CCMP1619 and Wild Type 137c
Lee, J.W.; Blankinship, S.L.; and Greenbaum, E. 1995. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 51/52, 379-386.
Describes a comparative study of hydrogen and oxygen production between a cold strain of Chlamydomonas and the wild-type version. No obvious benefits of use of the cold strain were observed.

Molecular Electronics of a Single Photosystem I Reaction Center: Studies with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Lee, I.; Lee, J.W.; Warmack, R.J.; Allison, D.P.; and Greenbaum, E. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 1965-1969.
Focuses on the biomolecular electronic properties of native and platinized Photosystem I reaction centers. It was shown that platinized Photosystem I reaction centers are functional diodes, whereas unplatinized reaction centers have semiconducting I-V curves. It has previously been shown [E. Greenbaum, "Platinized Chloroplasts: A Novel Photocatalytic Material," Science 230, 1373-1375 (1985)] that platinized photosynthetic membranes can split water into molecular hydrogen and oxygen.

Investigation of Chemical Wet-Etch Surface Modification of GaInP₂ using Photoluminescence, Xray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Capacitance Measurements and Photocurrent-Voltage Curves
Kocha, Shyam S.; Peterson, M.; Nelson, A.J.; Rosenwaks, Y.; Arent, D.J.; and Turner, John A. 1995.  J. Phys. Chem., 99, 744.
Extensive discussion of our etching studies of GaInP₂; the effects of various etching solutions on the semiconductor surface are quantified.

Photoelectrochemical Based Direct Conversion Systems
Kocha, Shyam S.; Arent, Doug; Peterson, Mark; MacQueen, Brent; Frank, Art; and Turner, John A. 1995. Proceedings of the 1995 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, April 18-21, Coral Gables, FL.
Annual report of our research work for the Hydrogen Program.

Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting Systems
Kocha, Shyam S.; and Turner, John A. 1995. 1995 Annual Conference of the American Solar Energy Society, Proceedings, July 15-20, pp. 3844.
A general review of the requirements and state of the art of photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems.

Three-Dimensional Computer Modeling of Hydrogen Injection and Combustion
Johnson, N.L.; Amsden, A.A.; Naber, J.D.; and Seibers, D.L. 1995. "." '95 SMC Simulation Conference, Phoenix, AZ, April 9-13 (LA-UR-95-210).
This paper presented in detail the computational approach and results for the modeling of hydrogen injection and combustion experiments at Sandia National Laboratories.

Hydrogen Program Combustion Research: Three Dimensional Computer Modeling
Johnson, N.L.; Amsden, A.A.; and Butler, T.D. 1995. Proceedings of the 1995 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, Vol. II, pp. 285304. NREL/CP-430-20036.
Summary paper of progress in simulation modeling at LANL; includes an evaluation of the new valve model in the KIVA-3 code, as needed in current hydrogen-fueled engine designs.

CO₂ Fixation and Photoevolution of H₂ and O₂ in a Mutant of Chlamydomonas Lacking Photosystem I
Greenbaum, E.; Lee, J.W.; Tevault, C.V.; Blankinship, S.L.; and Mets, L.J. 1995.   Nature, 376, 438-441.
Contains a major discovery on the mechanism of photosynthesis and the ability of unicellular algae to split water into molecular hydrogen and oxygen. It was shown that photosynthesis and the photoproduction of hydrogen can be driven by a single light reaction. These results have significant implications for the net thermodynamic conversion efficiencies of light energy into chemical energy.

Development of an Efficient Algal H₂-Producing System
Ghirardi, M.; Toon, S.; and Seibert, M. 1995.  In Proceedings of the 1995 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Vol. II, 683-691.
Annual report of algal-H₂ project activities for 1995.

Carbon Nanotube Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Dillon, A.C.; Bekkedahl, T.A.; Cahill, A.F.; Jones, K.M.; and Heben, M.J. 1995 Proceedings of the 1995 U.S. DOE Hydrogen Program Review, Coral Gables, FL, April 18-21.
Presents first observation of hydrogen adsorbed on carbon nanotube materials at noncryogenic temperatures. Temperature-programmed desorption revealed a peak centered at 280 K, which was stable in contact with high vacuum.

Hydrogen from Biomass via Fast Pyrolysis
Chornet, E.; Mann, M.; Wang, D.; Montane, D.; Czernik, S.; and Johnson, D. 1995 Proceedings of the 1995 EPA Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation Research Symposium, June 27-29. Washington, DC.
Overview of the process to produce hydrogen from biomass pyrolysis oil; contains basic principles of the chemistry and process, research progress, and current cost analysis.

Three-Dimensional Computer Modeling of Hydrogen Injection and Combustion
Amsden, A., and Johnson, N.L. 1995.  Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena in Combustion at San Francisco, California.
Talk presented in the Open Forum Session, part of an outreach to industry; summarized the Hydrogen Program and LANL's participation.

1994

October 24, 1994
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Systems for Different Fuelsand Fuel Processing Options
R. Kumar, H. K. Geyer, R. Ahluwalia, M. Krumpelt - Proceedings of the SAE Annual Automotive Technology Development Contractors' Coordination Meeting
Polymer electrolyte fuel cell systems for propulsion applications were analyzed for hydrogen, methanol, and natural gas fuels. Several options were considered for on-board hydrogen storage, including compressed gas, hydrides, glass microspheres, and sponge iron. Both steam-reformed and partial-oxidation-reformed systems were analyzed for methanol and natural gas. Two atmospheric pressure systems were also analyzed, one with compressed hydrogen and the other with partial oxidation reformed methanol. The calculated system efficiencies were 32 to 53% for hydrogen, 40 to 45% for methanol, and 41% for natural gas fuels. The atmospheric pressure systems had efficiencies of 47% for hydrogen and 38% for methanol.

May 18, 1994
A Study of Hydrogen/Methane Combustion in a Spark Ignition Engine
Justin Fulton, Frank Lynch, Bryan Willson, Jamie K. Schneider, Jason Yost - Proceedings of the SAE Annual Automotive Technology Development Contractors' Meeting
The main effect of hydrogen on the comubtion of methane is extension of the lean limit. This reduces emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in lean burn engines. At wide open throttle with a fixed equivalence ratio near the lean limit of methane, hydrogen increases both torque and nitrogen oxide emissions. By sacrificing the torque advantage gained through adding hydrogen (leaner mixture, spark retard or both) it is possible to get significantly lower nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions at the same performance level as pure methane. Although the effects of adding hydrogen are continuous, diminishing returns set in beween 15 and 30% by volume. With stoichiometric mixtures and a three-way catalyst, the effects of hydrogen, if any, were below the detection limits of the instrumentation. Post catalyst emissions of carbon monoxide at any mixture leaner than the optimum (ø = 1.005) were within the noise level of the instruments. At any mixture richer than optimum, nitrogen oxide emissions were within the noise level of the instruments. With the optimum mixture for the three-way catalyst, regardless of hydrogen content of the fuel, average emissions were; total hydrocarbons = 0.3-2.3 g/kW-hr (load dependent), carbon monoxide = 1.1 g/kW-hr, nitrogen oxides = 0.2 g/kW-hr. One percent rich or lean error from the optimum mixture increased carbon monoxide or nitrogen oxide emissions respectively by an order of magnitude.

Atlas of Side-Chain and Main-Chain Hydrogen Bonding
by Ian McDonald and Janet M Thornton WWW Edition December 1994, original edition April 1993
A graphical summary of hydrogen bonding in a dataset of high-resolution protein structures. It shows the distributions of the frequencies and geometries of hydrogen bonds formed by main-chain and side-chain donors and acceptors.

Design Considerations for Fuel Cell Vehicles
Steinbugler, M., and Ogden, J.M. 1994. Proceedings of the Fuel Cell Seminar, San Diego, CA, November 28-December 1.
Abstract describing the development of an engineering model for fuel-cell vehicles.

The State of the Iron in the Oxygen-Evolving Core Complex of the Cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum: Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Picorel, R.; Williamson, D.L.; Yruela, I.; and Seibert, M. 1994. "." Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1184:171.
Characterization of the properties of iron associated with the photosynthetic reaction center that drives the water-splitting process.

An Assessment of Renewable Transportation Fuels and Technologies
Ogden, J.M.; Larson, E.D.; DeLuchi, M.A. 1994. . Report to the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, May 27.
Technical report assessing technologies for producing renewable transportation fuels (methanol, ethanol, hydrogen, and electricity) and alternative transportation technologies (internal combustion engine vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, electric battery vehicles). The performance and cost of fuel production and vehicle technologies were estimated for present status and for near-term and long-term projections. Emissions and resource availability were also considered.

Production of Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates from CO and H₂ by a Novel Photosynthetic Bacterium
Maness, P.-C., and Weaver, P.F.., "."Appl. Biochem. and Biotechnol. 45/46, 35-406, 1994.
About 400 strains of photosynthetic bacteia were isolated from various environmental sites; the bacteria could all photosynthetically use CO (or synthesis gas) as the sole source of crbon for growth after first shifting it quantitatively into H₂ and CO₂. Up to 28% of the new cell mass was found as high-molecular-weight copolymers of hydroxybutyrate/hydroxyvalerate (70/30), a biodegradable thermoplasitic.

Aspects of Solar Hydrogen Production from Hydrogen Sulfide Using Semiconductor Particulates
Linkous, C.A.; Mingo, T.E.; and Muradov, N.Z. 1994. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 19, 203.
Data on rates of H₂ evolution from sulfide/sulfite solutions.

Photocatalytic Production in Hydrogen from Hydrogen Sulfide Using Semiconductor Particulates
Linkous, C.A. 1994. Hydrogen Energy Progress X, Proceedings of the 10th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, June 20-24, Vol. II, 755762.
A progress report describing system design improvements.

Use of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell for Standby Power in a Stand-Alone Energy System
Lehman, P.A.; Chamberlin, C.E.; Reid, R.; and Herron, T. 1994. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fuel Cells, Long Beach, CA, February.
This paper describes the Schatz Fuel Cell Research Project's preliminary results.

Operating Experience with a Photovoltaic-Hydrogen Energy System
Lehman, P.A.; Chamberlin, C.E.; Pauletto, G.; and Rocheleau, M. 1994. Proceedings of the 10th World Hydrogen Energy Conference. (D.L. Block and T.M. Veziroglu, eds.) Cocoa Beach, FL, June.
The performance of the Schatz Solar Hydrogen Project is given in detail in this article.

Hydrogen Fuel from the Sun
Lehman, P.A., and Parra, C. 1994. Solar Today, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 20-22. Sept./Oct. This article describes the Schatz Solar Hydrogen Project for a lay audience and gives some results of performance measurements.

Study of the Schottky Barrier and Determination of the Energetic Positions of Band Edges at the n- and p-type Gallium Indium Phosphide Electrode/Electrolyte Interphase
Kocha, Shyam, S.; Turner, John A.; and Nozik, A.J. 1994. Electroanal. Chem., 367, 27.
Discussion of our first work characterizing the GaInP₂/electrolyte interface; includes flatband potential and bandgap measurements.

Photoelectrochemical Based Direct Conversion Systems
Kocha, Shyam S.; Peterson, M.; Hilal, H.; Arent, D.; and Turner, John A. 1994.  Proceedings of the 1994 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, April 18-20, Livermore, CA.
Annual report of our research work for the Hydrogen Program; includes a summary of etching studies and preliminary results of work on high-efficiency tandem cells.

Technology Development Goals for Automotive Fuel Cell Power Systems
James, Brian D.; Baum, George N.; and Kuhn, Ira F., Jr. 1994. Argonne National Laboratory Final Report No. ANL94/44 by Directed Technologies, Inc. August.
This 150-page report includes a baseline design of a mid-size passenger vehicle powered by a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, including fuel-cell system, air compression, hydrogen storage options, and peak power augmentation. The report demonstrates that such a fuel-cell vehicle powered by 5,000 psi compressed hydrogen would have the same range, acceleration, and other performance characteristics as a conventional gasoline-powered vehicle.

Preliminary Results of the Schatz Fuel Cell Research Project
Chamberlin, C.E.; Lehman, P.; Reid, R.; and Herron, T. 1994  Proceedings of the 10th World Hydrogen Energy Conference. (D.L. Block and T.N. Veziroglu, eds.) Cocoa Beach FL, June.
This paper describes the first year and a half of fuel-cell research at SERC as we built our expertise and eventually completed a 1-kW PEM fuel cell for he Schatz Solar Hydrogen Project. Some experimental results of stack performance are given.

Hydrogen Program Combustion Research: Three Dimensional Computer Modeling
Amsden, A.A.; Butler, T.D.; and Johnson, N.L. 1994 - Proceedings of the 1994 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, 129-143, NREL/CP-470-6431.
This report summarizes the annual progress of the modeling program at LANL and included the simulation approach used to model methane and hydrogen injection in a proposed diesel engine using gaseous fuel.

1993

October 5, 1993
Photoconversion of Gasified Organic Materials into Biologically Degradable Plastics
Weaver, P.F., and Maness, P.C.
U.S. patent No. 5,250,427, issued Oct.5, 1993, describes a hybrid thermochemical/biological process for the photoconversion of organic materials into a biologically made, biodegradable thermoplastic. Gasification of dry organic materials convrts them into a synthetic gas (primarily CO and H₂). Capable photosynthetic bacteria convert the CO into H₂, which is then photoassimilated largely into polyhydroxyalkanoate thermoplastics. As the thermoplastics are natural products, they can be completely biodegraded by common aerobic or anaerobic bacteria.

March 11, 1993
Iceland: A Forum for Gradual Introduction of Hydrogen as Marine Fuel
B. Arnason and V.K. Jonsson - Proceedings of 1st Nordic Symposium on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for Energy Storage
The paper presents the estimated production cost of hydrogen if produced in iceland from domestic hydro energy and possibly also geothermal energy. The cost of producing gaseous hydrogen by electrolysis is calculated for various alternatives such as plant size, load factors, energy cost and different electrolysis technologies. Furthermore preliminary calculations of the liquefication cost of hydrogen, based on the Linde technology and have been made for one plant size. Assuming 100 MW plant size, Norsk Hydro technology and electricity price 0.0185 US $/kWh gaseous hydrogen production cost would be 0.172 US$/Nm3 of hydrogen. Liquid hydrogen would cost approximately twice as much as hydrogen gas. The paper also discusses the idea of powering the Icelandic fishing fleet by hydrogen. The Icelandic fishing fleet, a very large consumer of imported fuel, needs a relatively simple infrastructure. This makes it attractive to start the transition from oil to hydrogen gradually by building up relatively small hydrogen plants located in several strategic fishing villages around the country and simultaneouly modifying the fishing vessels for hydrogen gradually. Since liquid hydrogen is two times as expensive as hydrogen gas it is assumed that the hydrogen can be stored on board vessel as gas bound in magnesium hydride. When the gas has to be used it can be released from hydride using the exhaust heat from the engine. An advantage of this storage method is the possibility of using the heat released, when the vessels are refuelled, on land for space heating within the villages located near to the fuelling harbors. It is argued that a transition from imported oil to hydrogen produced from domestic energy sources may be a feasible future option for Iceland.

March 11, 1993
Design and System Technology of Autonomous Renewable H2 [Hydrogen] System
Juha Vanhanen - Proceedings of 1st Nordic Symposium on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for Energy Storage
The solar hydrogen is a promising alternative for photovoltaic storage. The first commercial applications may be small self-sufficient solar hydrogen systems for remote power applications. A self-sufficient solar hydrogen systems for remote power applications. A self-sufficient solar hydrogen systems for remote power applications. A self-sufficient solar hydrogen system consisting of a photovoltaic array, a battery, an electrolyzer, a fuel cell and a load. The system design of solar hydrogen energy system requires a numerical simulation model which can be used for system sizing component interfacing studies. H2PHOTO is a user-friendly and accurate simulation program for solar hydrogen systems which have been verified against experimental data from the solar hydrogen pilot plant of Helsinki University of Technology.

March 11, 1993
Hydrogen Storage Alloy and Metal Hydride Battery
Tetsuo Sakai, Dag Noreus - Proceedings of 1st Nordic Symposium on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for Energy Storage
More than 20 years have been passed since the discovery of hydrogen storage alloys. Various applications such as hydrogen storage tank, chemical heat pump, hydrogen purification system, compressor, actuator, hydrogen battery etc., have been proposed and alloys have been developed, accumulating huge experimental data. Basic understanding of the alloys and hydrides have made great progress concerning metallurgy, crystallographic structure, surface structure, hydrogen diffussivity, thermodynamic properties, electrochemical properties etc. In Japan, since 1974 very extensive R&D works on hydrogen energy have been conducted under national projects called "Sunshine" sponsored by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). The accumulated data have led to the first industrial success of the metal hydride battery in 1990. The increasing global enviromental problems are looking for solution in hydrogen energy system, further increasing the position of metal hydrides as a key material.

March 11, 1993
A Solar-Hydrogen Pilot-System with Pressurized Alkaline Electrolysis and PAFC Fuel Cell
P. Lund, J. Vanhanen, P. Kauranen - Proceedings of 1st Nordic Symposium on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for Energy Storage
One of the key questions for large-scale utilization of intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind wind energy is effective storage of energy over long periods of time. The storage question is especially problematic in case of electrical energy, where the viable storage options are a lead-acid battery or pumped hydro. These storage techniques are characterized by low energy densities, e.g. about 30-60 Wh/kg for a lead-acid storage battery. Electrolytic hydrogen provides a novel and relatively effective way of storing electricity even on a seasonal basis. The storage unit comprises an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen storage, and a fuel cell or combustion engine to convert the stored hydrogen back into electricity. Such a virtual storage approach gives the possibility to reach much higher storage densities. The heating value value of pure hydrogen is about 33 kW/kg and for one storage cycle a 40-50% storage efficiency could be expected. At Helsinki University of Technology, the first feasibility study of a solar-hydrogen system concept for a seasonal storage of solar energy was made in 1984. In 1989 a decision to build a full-scale pilot system was made under the frame-work of the national NEMO-programme and in 1992 the demonstration was finished. The objective of our pilot-system has been to demonstrate the feasibility of a self-sufficient photovoltaic power system for a steady daily electric load of about 1 kWh over the year. To achieve this goal, emphasis has been laid on optmizing the system design and operation.

March 11, 1993
Review of the Hydrogen Technology in Denmark
Lotte Schleisner - Proceedings of the 1st Nordic Symposium on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for Energy Storage
In Denmark there exists some experience and know-how in handling hydrogen especially concerning metal hydride systems. During the 1980s research was carried out at Riso National Laboratory concerning the reaction between hydrogen and different metals. The work has been as well as own separate projects in collaboration especially with Norsk Hydro and the Institute of Energy Technology in Kjeller, Norway. The experimental work stopped in 1988, as no further financial support was possible. The metal hydride work in Denmark was mainly concentrated on pure magnesium (Mg) and the alloy FeTi, making the stoichoimetric connection FeTiH2. Most of the work was concentrated on Mg, as the material is light and cheap. Magnesium is one of the most common materials in the earth's crust. The experiments made at Riso showed that magnesium is a material qualified for storage of hydrogen, because the necessary reactions pass off sufficiently fast. Some cycle experiments were made repeating the storage process on the same amount of metal, but with a new amount of hydrogen in each cycle. This was done to see, if the process could be repeated without changing characteristics. Experiments of about thousand cycles showed that the storage capacity decreased as little, but the velocity for filling and emptying the system was unaffected. Practically this means that the storage material needs to be changed after 1000-1500 storage cycles.

A Comparative Study of Water Uptake By and Transport Through Ionomeric Fuel Cell Membranes
Zawodzinski, T.A., Jr.; Springer, Thomas E.; Davey, John; Jestel, Roger; Lopez, Cruz; Valerio, Judith; and Gottesfeld, Shimshon. 1993. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, No. 7, July.
Transport parameters measured at 30°C for several available perfluorosulfonic acid membranes are compared. The diffusion coefficient and conductivity of these membranes were determined as functions of membrane water content.

The contact angle between water and the surface of perfluorosulphonic acid membranes
Zawodzinski, T.A., Jr.; Gottesfeld, Shimshon (Los Alamos National Laboratory); Shoichet, S.; and McCarthy, T.J. (Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts). 1993. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 23, Short Communication.
Contact angles were taken on membranes which had equilibrated with water vapor of known activity before and during the measurement in order to characterize more precisely the membrane dependence of the water contact angle on the membrane water content.

Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion® 117 Membranes
Zawodzinski, Thomas A., Jr.; Derouin, Charles; Radzinski, Susan; Sherman, Ruth J.; Smith, Van T.; Springer, Thomas E.; and Gottesfeld, Shimshon. 1993.  Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, No. 4, April.
We have determined the amount of water taken up by membranes immersed in liquid water and by membranes exposed to water vapor of variable water activity. The ratio of water molecules carried across the membrane per proton transported, the electro-osmotic drag coefficient, also was determine for a limited number of membrane water contents. The drag coefficient is contrasted with the experimentally determined net water transport across an operating PEM fuel cell.

Slow Oxygen Release on the First Two Flashes in Chemically Stressed Photosytem II Membrane Fragments Results from a Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation
Taoka, S.; Jursinic, P.A.; and Seibert, M. 1993. Photosynth Res., 38:425.
Anomalous oxygen production by the photosynthetic apparatus exposed to chemical stress conditions.

Modeling and Experimental Diagnostics in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Springer, T.E.; Wilson, M.S.; and Gottesfeld, S. 1993. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140, No. 12, December.
This paper presents a model validated by experiment for well-humidified polymer electrolyte fuel cells operated to maximum current density with a range of cathode gas compositions.

Solar Hydrogen Transportation Fuels
Ogden, J.M., and DeLuchi, M.A. 1993. "." Chapter 8 in D. Greene and D. Santini, eds., Proceedings of the Conference on Transportation and Global Climate Change. American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Washington, DC.
Assessment of renewable hydrogen production technologies and fuel-cell vehicles. Estimates economics of "zero emission" transportation system based on renewable hydrogen.

Advanced Studies of Solar Photovoltaic/Electrolytic Hydrogen Systems
Ogden, J.M. 1993. Final report to National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, for Contract No. XD-10076-1, July 9.
Assessment of design issues for solar photovoltaic-powered electrolysis systems, including low-cost balance of system design and sensitivity of hydrogen cost to PV efficiency and cost.

Assessments of Renewable Hydrogen Energy Systems
Ogden, J.M. 1993. Proceedings of the DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review Meeting, May 4-6, Cocoa Beach, FL, pp. 163-186.
Assessment of production of hydrogen from renewable sources considering performance and cost of hydrogen production, economics of hydrogen for various end uses, emissions, resource availability, and infrastructure.

Renewable Hydrogen Energy Systems
Ogden, J.M. 1993. Solar Today, Vol. 7, No. 5, Boulder, CO: American Solar Energy Society, pp. 17-18.
A brief, nontechnical article on renewable hydrogen production.

Renewable Hydrogen Energy Systems Studies
Ogden, J.M. 1993. . Final report for NREL Contract No. XR-2-11265-1, June 26.
Long version of the paper presented in May 1993 by the author at Cocoa Beach, FL.

How to Produce Hydrogem from Fossil Fuels without CO₂ Emission
Muradov, N. 1993. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 18(3), 211-215.
Environmental aspects of hydrogen production by steam reforming and catalytic decomposition of natural gas are discussed. Preliminary results on the catalytic decomposition of methane over different catalysts and supports are presented.

Characterization of Sulfonic Acids of High Temperature Polymers as Membranes for Water Electrolysis
Linkous, C.A., and Slattery, D.K. 1993. "." In Polymer Materials: Science and Engineering Preprints, 68, 122-123.
Basic water uptake and preliminary voltammetric data on various ionomers.

Photo-catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulfide Using Semiconductor Particulates
Linkous, C.A.; Muradov, N.Z.; Ramser, S.N.; Mingo, T.E.; and Zidan, R.A. 1993. Proceedings of the First International Conference on New Energy Systems and Conversions. Yokohama, Japan, June 27-30.
A presentation on how H₂ can be obtained from H₂S in an oil refinery setting via semiconductor photocatalysis.

Development of Polymeric Solid Electrolytes for Water Electrolysis at Intermediate Temperatures
Linkous, C.A. 1993. "." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 18, 641646.
Basic thermohydrolytic stability data for many polymer families.

Apparatus and Method for the Electrolysis of Water Employing a Sulfonated Solid Polymer Electrolyte
Linkous, C.A. 1993. "." U.S. patent # 5,271,813. December 21.
A patent covering the preparation of our most promising ionomer membranes.

Photoelectrochemical Based Direct Conversion Systems
Kocha, Shyam S.; Peterson, M.; and Turner, John A. 1993. Proceedings of the 1993 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, May 4-6, Cocoa Beach, FL.
Annual report of our research work for the Hydrogen Program; discusses surface treatments of GaInP₂ electrodes.

Carbon Nanotubules for Hydrogen Storage
Heben, M.J. 1993. Proceedings of the 1993 DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Review, Cocoa Beach, FL, pp. 79-88.
Introduces the concept of utilizing carbon nanotube materials for hydrogen storage. Discusses synthetic methods and compares advantages to existing technologies.

Solar Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
DeLuchi, M.A., and Ogden, J.M. 1993. Transportation Research-A, Vol. 27A, No. 3, pp. 255-275.
Assesses the prospects for producing hydrogen from renewable sources and using it in fuel-cell vehicles. Includes modeling of fuel-cell automobiles based on PEM fuel cells.

January 24, 1993
An Investigation of the Effect on Materials of Hydrogen in Natural Gas Vehicle Fuel Project NGV 200
Materials Science Research Ltd. - Natural Gas For Vehicles and Research and Development Fund, Gas Technology Canada
Hydrogen effects on vehicle systems and vehicle support systems can be divided into two categories, low temperature and high temperature. In the low temperature category several modes of hydrogen attack exists. The first mode is regular hydrogen embrittlement and most of the information in the literature exists for this area which covers common materials. This information allows dependable design based upon the use of partial pressure of hydrogen in the gaseous fuel mixture. This should result in conservative conditions since chemisorption effects due to competition with natural gas are not taken into account. The use of epoxy/carbon composites will require information before they can be safely used in hydrogen environment. The other low temperature areas are hydrogen assisted fatigue and hydrogen assisted static crack propagation. These are areas where very little information is known and where combined effects between the two different mechanisms are generally tied to long time durations and are very sensitive to specific operating conditions. The use of new epoxy fibre composite materials and other high strength/weight ratio materials for storage containment vessels means that virtually no information exists with respect to design. Therefore present designs will have a low degree of reliability with respect to long life and safety. Considering that over design will drastically effect the weight of vehicle systems information in these areas allowing proper design becomes extremely important.

1992

Operating Experience with a Photovoltaic-Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Energy System
Lehman, P.A., and Chamberlin, C.E. 1992. Proceedings of ASME Winter Meeting, Anaheim, CA, November.
This paper describes preliminary performance of the Schatz Solar Hydrogen Project. A detailed description of the operating control algorithm is given.

Recent Achievements in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell R&D
Derouin, C.; Springer, T.; Uribe, F.; Valerio, J.; Wilson, M.; Zawodzinski, T.; and Gottesfeld, S. 1992  In Fuel Cell Program and Abstracts. 1992 Fuel Cell Seminar, Tucson, AZ, November 29-December 2.
We describe recent developments in our PEFC research work. Questions of water management optimization, cell longevity, increased performance at low gas pressures, and the important question of the cost of this fuel cell technology are still awaiting complete answers.

1991

June 6, 1991
Sulphide Stress Cracking Criteria For Steel NGV Cylinders
C.T.L. Webster, F. Havelock (Powertech Labs) - Canadian Gas Association, Project NGV 200-5.4
The sulphide stress cracking of steel is essentially a hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon caused by contact with environments containing hydrogen sulphide. Among other factors, the prosperity for sulphide stress cracking tends to increase with increasing material strength (hardness) and hydrogen sulphide content. Steel cylinders used in compressed natural gas service are potentially susceptible to sulphide stress cracking due to the small amount of hydrogen sulphide usually found in processed natural gas. In Canada, research has determined that the high strength steel natural gas vehicle cylinders currently in use are resistant to sulphide stress cracking under the maximum hydrogen sulphide levels allowed in "pipeline quality" natural gas. It was found that low alloy steels (AISI 41XX and its modifications) are acceptable for NGV service in pipeline quality gas (maximum H2S of 23 mg/m3) at a maximum average hardness of HRC 33 in the quenched and tempered condition.

June 24, 1991
Advanced Hydrogen Generation and Fuel Storage Systems For Fuel Cell Vehicle Support
Maceda, J.; H-Power Corp. - Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1992; DOE/Conf-920695
This paper, presented at the 1991 Windsor Workshop on Alternate Fuels (Toronto, Ontario; June 24-26, 1991),outlines advanced hydrogen generation and storage for fuel cell vehicle support As the environmental imperatives driving the development of Zero Emission Vehicles become increasingly evident, the urgent need for commercial, safe hydrogen fuel cell systems is obvious. However, the missing piece of the hydrogen economy puzzle has been a safe, cost-effective method of storage with an ability to deliver a gas clean enough for use in the various forms of fuel cells. This problem has slowed the commercial development of fuel cell vehicles and blocked their serious consideration as a viable alternative to fossil fuel consuming vehicles. In addition to this, the cost and complexity of conventional steam reformation equipment for hydrogen production has hindered the development has hindered the development of small(<200 kW) fuel cell systems H-Power and Rolls-Royce believe that they can eliminate impediments to the development of hydrogen cells systems as commercially viable products The basic components of these systems are an autothermal reformer and a proprietary hydrogen generation scheme based on the steam oxidation reaction of sponge iron to magnetite. This system allows for loca generation of a safe environmentally friendly hydrogen fuel at a significant cost advantage over fossil fuels in typical vehicle usage.

March 13, 1991
Gaseous Fueled Vehicles: A Role for Natural Gas and Hydrogen
Blazek, C.F.; Jasionowski, W.J. - Chicago, IL : Institute of Gas Technology
This paper was presented at the National Hydrogen Association's 2nd annual US Hydrogen meeting in Washington, DC on March 13-15, 1991. The commercialization of gaseous hydrogen fueled vehicles requires both the development of hydrogen fueled vehicles and the establishment of a hydrogen fueling infrastructure. These requirements create a classic chicken and egg scenario in that manufacturers will not build and consumers will not buy vehicles without an adequate refueling infrastructure and potential refueling station operators will not invest the needed capital without an adequate market to serve. One solution to this dilemma is to create a bridging strategy whereby hydrogen is introduced gradually via another carrier. The only contending alternative fuel that can act as a bridge to hydrogen fueled vehicles is natural gas. To explore this possibility, IGT is conducting emission tests on its dedicated natural gas vehicle (NGV) test platform to determine what, if any, effects small quantities of hydrogen have on emissions and performance.

February 4, 1991
Safety Aspects of a Hydrogen Fuelled Engine System Development
Das L.M. - Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 16, no.9, pp.619-624
In view of the performance and emission characteristics, hydrogen can be considered an excellent fuel for internal combustion engines. However, its temperamental combustion behaviour often raises problems of safety. This paper describes the development of an overall effective gaseous hydrogen fuel supply system for an engine test cell. Various safety measures adopted to combat the systems of undesirable combustion phenomena have been discussed. The paper concludes that hydrogen can be used as a safe fuel. However, the hydrogen automobile need not be hastily introduced in a large scale without adequately demonstrating its safe operation.

Determination of Water Diffusion Coefficients in Perfluorosulfonate Ionomeric Membranes
Zawodzinski, Thomas A., Jr.; Neeman, Michael; Sillerud, Laurel O.; and Gottesfeld, Shimshon. 1991. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 95. Pulsed field gradient spin-echo ¹H NMR measurements of ¹H intradiffusion coefficients at 30°C in hydrated Nafion membranes are reported. The dependence of the ¹H self-diffusion coefficient on membrane water content was a central part of this investigation.

A Photovoltaic-Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Energy System: Preliminary Operational Results
Lehman, P.A., and Chamberlin, C.E. 1991. Proceedings of the 10th E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
This paper describes preliminary performance of the Schatz Solar Hydrogen Project.

Design of a Photovoltaic-Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Energy System
Lehman, P.A., and Chamberlin, C.E. 1991. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 349-352.
This paper describes the design process used to size components and decide on an operating scheme for the Schatz Solar Hydrogen Project.

1990

November 30, 1990
Hydrogen in the Steel Industry
Gretz J., Korf W., Lyons R. - Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 16, No. 10, pp. 691-693, 1991
Iron/ steel production being amongst the most intensive single carbon dioxide polluter, hydrogen substituting carbon would have a large potential to reduce the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide emissions. This paper lists a variety of advantages of using hydrogen in the steel making industry focusing on pollution and cost. It concludes that the hydrogen requirement in a large modern iron ore reduction plant are in the order of 1-2 GW, the production of hydrogen for steel making will introduce the economics of large scale production of hydrogen for other purposes such as urban transportation and thus achieve a marked reduction in the cost of hydrogen in general.

Photoenhanced Anaerobic Digeston of Organic Acids into Methane
Weaver, P.F.
U.S. patent No. 4,919,813, issued on Apr. 24, 1990, describes a process using photosynthetic bacteria and low levels of light (e.g., solar) energy, for the rapid converison of organic acids and alchohols into H₂ and CO₂, the optimal precursor substrates for biogenic methane synthesis. Day/night cycles (or continuous low light) induces both photosynthetic and fermentative metabolisms of photosynthetic bacteria. Light anabolizes the organic acid and alcohol substrates into endogenous sugars, which are then fermented in dark reactions to produce H₂ at high rates, but low partial pressures.

Photocurrent Generation from Water via PSII Membranes immobilized on TiO₂ Electrodes
Rao, K.K.; Gratzel, M.; Evans, M.C.W.; Seibert, M.; and Hall, D.O. 1990. In Current Research in Photosynthesis. (M. Baltscheffsky, ed.) I.2.619. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht.
Electrochemical production of a photocurrent using the photosynthetic water-splitting apparatus.

1980s

1987
Safety guide for Hydrogen
Kalyanam, K.M.; Hay, D. Robert - Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada, Hydrogen Safety Committee, 1987. (NRCC 27406)
Hydrogen has been successfully and safely handled in the industry for many years. The safety aspects of hydrogen are intimately related to the specific applications. New processes and new uses of hydrogen may pose new safety hazards that must be dealt with as they arise. This document outlines the general areas where the unique properties of hydrogen combine to create potential hazards, and the various techniques and methods commonly practised in industry for the identification, analysis, assessment and avoidance of hazards.

July 20, 1986
Liquid Hydrogen as a Fuel of the Future for Individual Transport
Strobol W., Peschka W. - CERI World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Vienna, Austria
To demonstrate the practical use of hydrogen, the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DFVLR), Stuttgart, and BMW have converted two vehicles for running alternatively on hydrogen or gasoline. This paper discusses the results of the fuel conversion. The first vehicle demonstrates the development potential of external mixture formation with hydrogen gas at ambient temperature: developing an effective engine power of 35 kW/l, the engine concept with timed intake port injection concurrent with the opening of the inlet valve, chart controlled water injection and exhaust gas turbocharging has presumably been developed to its power limit. The second vehicle features a cryogenic piston type liquid hydrogen pump fitted at tank level and operating at a pressure of 15 bar, hydraulically controlled cryogenic fuel injectors and a map controlled, electronically metered fuel supply.

April 1, 1986
Use of Molten Salt Electrochemical Techniques to Study and Control Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydride
Huggins R.A., Luedecke C.M., Deublein G. - Brookhaven National Laboratory Associated Universities Inc., Upton, New York
This is a final report on work undertaken in phase one of a longer program aimed at the exploration of a new approach to the reversible storage of hydrogen in solid hydrides in order to improve the performance and cost of stationary and/or mobile hydrogen storage systems. The major features of this approach to the study of hydrogen storage in solid hydrides involved the use of an electrochemical cell technique employing carefully chosen molten salt electrolytes that transport hydrogen to and from the solid hydrides. By avoiding the use of aqueous constituents, and using molten salts that have very low oxygen activities, one can avoid the common surface poisoning and concomitant loss of capacity and deteriorating kinetics generally found in other investigations.

August 1, 1985
Advanced Hydrogen Storage: Modified Vanadium Hydrides: Final Report
G. G. Libowitz, A. J. Maeland, and J. F. Lynch - Allied Corporation Corporate Technology
Metal hydrides have long been regarded as a promising energy storage media, offering a reversible chemical means of storing and supplying hydrogen which can conveniently be used for both mobile and stationary purposes. Further, many hydrides contain more hydrogen per unit volume than liquid or solid hydrogen. All the reportedly known hydrides, however, have been found wanting in several respects; too low a ratio between hydrogen and metal weight, too costly metals involved, or the adsorption and release of hydrogen is difficult. New incentives have therefore sought to synthesize novel intermetallic compounds such that the resulting hydrides exhibit satisfactory material properties. Allied Corporation has implemented a system based on body-centered-cubic hydride forming alloys, with specific emphasis on the vanadium-titanium-iron system. Incentives for more economical hydride-hydrogen storage were made apparent through the use of abundant and inexpensive raw ores such as ferrovanadium. Studies concentrated on varying the relative concentration of the iron, such that most of the hydrogen can be released at 175C or below. Thermodynamic studies, however, have found that the addition of iron to the vanadium-titanium system is ineffective in facilitating the desorption of hydrogen. Since the prospects of viability in this case relied heavily on the usage of low-cost ferrovanadium ore, as opposed to the expensive pure vanadium metal, it was concluded that the applicability of such a system for hydrogen storage would not be economically viable due to its cost-intensive characteristics.

February 1, 1986
Experience and Special Aspects on Mixture Formation of an Otto Engine Converted for Hydrogen Operation
Peschka W., Nieratschker W. - Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 11, No. 10, pp. 653-659
The two liter four cylinder BMW 520 engine was investigated with respect to different types of external mixture formation. The most convenient compromise was continuos port injection of gaseous hydrogen. The hydrogen engine studied here shows more sensitivity against deviation from optimum equivalence ratio and proper ignition timing. An essential condition for proper engine operation is to eliminate the influence of the cold hydrogen temperature on the equivalence ratio at all operational conditions. From these experiments it appears that future hydrogen engines may employ cryogenic mixture formation techniques controlled by digital electronics systems.

1984
A Comparison of Compressed Hydrogen and CNG Storage
Wallace, J.S. - Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 609-611
CNG and compressed hydrogen are compared to illustrate why CNG, but not compressed hydrogen, is a viable alternative vehicle fuel. It is shown that natural gas has a greater energy content per mole than hydrogen and that more moles of natural gas than hydrogen may be stored in a given volume under identical conditions. Natural gas stored at 20.78 MPa (3000 psig) and 21.1 C (70 F) contains five times as much energy as hydrogen stored under the same conditions. Natural gas stored in a representative size CNG cylinder provides a range of about 100 km, while hydrogen in the same cylinder would provide a range of only 26 km, even assuming 30% greater efficiency from the hydrogen-fueled engine.

February 27, 1984
Hydrogen Fuel for Underground Mining Machinery
Olavson, Lars G.; Baker, Nathaniel, R.; Lynch, Lito C.; and Mejia, Lito C. - SAE Technical Paper #840233
A hydrogen engine-fuel system is being developed as an alternative for powering underground mining machinery. A diesel was converted to a spark-ignited hydrogen engine and operated with a metal hydride, solid-state hydrogen storage system Performance and emissions data show that hydrogen can be used as an ultralow emission fuel for underground mining. A special method of fuel control has overcome abnormal combustion problems frequently experienced with hydrogen fuel. The turbocharged, after-cooled engine maintains NOx emissions (the only significant pollutant) below 0.7 gram per kilowatt-hour. Power and fuel consumption are comparable to the naturally aspirated, prechambered diesel version of the engine Hydrogen fuel is released from a metal hydride storage container by heat from the engine coolant. Through proper design, hydride containment can limit the leakage of hydrogen, in a worst-case accident, to acceptable levels.

January 19, 1983
Performance Study Using Natural Gas, Hydrogen-Supplemented NG and Hydrogen in AVL Research
Nagalingam, B.; Duebel, F.; Schmillen, K. - Int J. Hydrogen Energy: 8(9), pp. 715-720
The engine performance, fuel economy and emissions of an AVL research engine using natural gas, hydrogen-supplemented natural gas and hydrogen are analyzed This evaluation was undertaken because of the future requirement for hydrogen supplementation and eventual replacement of a rapidly diminishing natural gas resource for stationary type combustion engines. The differences in the combustion properties, knock rating, engine performance and emissions of methane (the chief constituent of natural gas) and hydrogen are significant In addition to the performance results it was determined that problems of preignition, flashback and high nitric oxide emissions for a hydrogen fueled engine can be solved by water induction into the intake manifold.

November 15, 1983
Technoeconomic Analysis of a Liquid Hydrogen Production Plant
Tektrend International Inc. - The Hydrogen Industry Council (Quebec)
At present, Quebec's major source of energy is hydroelectric power which can be an important instrument for economic development. It is a challenge to use this resource to achieve the maximum in economic multiplier effects. Among the possible options are those which encourage the development of industries which are large consumers of electricity and which are generally situated at the early stages of the economic cycle. Within this context, hydrogen is expected to play an ever-increasing proportion in the liquid form. Both its production and its liquefication require large amounts of energy and processes exist whereby these operations can be carried out using electricity. It is thus appropriate that analysis should be directed to evaluation of the competitivity of a liquid hydrogen production plant in Quebec. This evaluation examined the possibility of deriving economic benefit for Quebec from its hydroelectric resources from state-of-art technology for production, storage and distribution of liquid hydrogen. New-generation water electrolysis technology for large-scale production of hydrogen (in contrast to the current practice of reforming natural gas).

November 30, 1982
The Question of the Hydrogen Infrastructure for Motor Vehicles
Buchner H. - Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 373-380
The hydrogen supply for motor vehicles is not necessarily connected with the development of its own infrastructure in the form of hydrogen pipeline networks. It can be shown that the existing infrastructures for electricity, gas and water for centralized and decentralized generation of hydrogen can be utilized practically in terms of energy. The technical possibilities for decentralized generation of hydrogen and its use as an auxiliary fuel to extend the gasoline suppliers are described and discussed.

October 12, 1982
Hydrogen as an Automotive Fuel: Worldwide Update
Excher, William J.D. - Nonpetroleum Vehicular Fuels III, Oct. 12-14, 1982
This report reviews research in hydrogen-fueled automotive systems on a worldwide basis since about 1980. Work covered includes that done by the U.S., Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany and Japan. To date, hydrogen-fueled reciprocating engines with either external mixture formation (carburetted) or direct-cylinder injection have been operated successfully. A hydrogen diesel-cycle engine has been introduced by the Japanese, featuring high thermal efficiency and low NOx. Induction manifold backfiring and preignition/abnormal combustion, chronic problems with hydrogen, are completely avoided. Metal hydride systems, which ma serve urban driving needs quite well in an overall system approach, are currently showing progress in Germany.

July 1, 1982
Development of Lightweight Hydrides
J. F. Nachman, D. A. Rohy, and T. A. Argabright - U.S. Department of Energy
Automotive use of hydrogen as a fuel (energy carrier) is a future option in a world with low petroleum reserves. Hydrogen has a high energy content per pound and produces relatively few emissions when burned. Two basic problems restrict the exercise of that option; methods must be developed to produce hydrogen economically from renewable or solid fossil fuel sources and the need for practical onboard systems to store hydrogen in a safe, dense and relatively lightweight configuration. The authors have concentrated their efforts on the development of the metal hydride approach for hydrogen storage. Metal hydrides can store more hydrogen per unit volume than normal high pressure or even cryogenic hydrogen techniques. Little energy is required to store the hydrogen in the hydride, and high stability at room temperature ensures low losses over long storage periods. Safety features of metal hydride storage are favorable. Because of its low weight and high hydrogen storage densities, modified magnesium alloy-based hydrides appear to offer the greatest potential for automotive storage of hydrogen. Recent experimental and analytical work has been directed toward the optimization of this storage system. Due to the relative stability of MgH₂, modifications of the form MgMHx (M = metal atom) have been made to decrease the dissociation temperature while retaining high hydrogen capacity. This parameter is crucial since vehicular exhaust will supply the thermal energy to dissociate the hydride in an automobile. System studies indicate that hydride dissociation temperature should be 200C or lower to ensure uninterrupted fuel flow at all driving and idle conditions.

1981
Guarding Against Hydrogen Embrittlement
Treseder, R.S. - Chemical Engineering, 88(13):105-108
Four forms of metals which have loss of ductility resulting from absorption of hydrogen are discussed in this paper. Known as hydrogen embrittlement this loss of ductility is potentially catastrophic as it can result in cracking or fissuring of metal. "High-temperature attack" is when at above 430 degrees F (220 C) hydrogen atoms permeating carbon steel can gradually react with iron carbide in the steel to form methane. The effect is two-fold, l) decarburization of steel with resultant loss of strength, and 2) fissuring of steel by the pressure of methane formed at the grain boundries. "Hydrogen stress cracking" generally occurs at temperatures below 250 degrees F (160 C), the effects can be most severe at room temperature. It results from the initial presence or absorption of hydrogen in metals, in combination with residual or applied stress, and also causes cracking in metals, i.e. steel. "Sulphide stress cracking" is defined as brittle failure by cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and hydrogen sulphide. It has been a problem in the petroleum industry, encountered in the production and transportation of sour natural gas and sour crude oil and oil refining. Subsurface voids produced by hydrogen absorption in (usually) low strength alloys with resultant surface bulges is known as "Hydrogen blistering". Experienced first in storage vessels handling sour gas or sour oil, corrosion in the tanks was caused by a combination of moisture and hydrogen sulphide. The author discusses these four forms of hydrogen embrittlement and suggests ways in which they can be monitored and in some cases solved.

May 1, 1981
Microcavity Hydrogen Storage Final Progress Report
R. J. Teitel - United States Department of Energy
The use of micron size, hollow, glass spheres (microspheres) as a container for high pressure hydrogen (microcavity hydrogen storage) was proposed by Robert J. Teitel Associates (RJTA) in 1977. Hydrogen is admitted and dispensed from the spheres by permeation through the glass walls of the microspheres. The rate of hydrogen transfer depends upon the hydrogen pressure gradient across the microsphere wall, the temperature, the glass composition and the microsphere dimensions. The strength of the glass and microsphere dimensions limit the maximum hydrogen storage pressure. The first DOE sponsored study (1978) established that the concept, when designed for automotive hydrogen storage, had potential economic and weight advantages over an advanced metal hydride storage system. On the other hand, the microcavity system would require a greater volume. Engineering studies of the automotive hydrogen storage system and the associated microsphere filling plant were performed. Estimated costs for filling microspheres with hydrogen were not prohibitively high. Additional filling plant economic studies were conducted in 1979 and they indicated that filling costs estimated in 1978 could be reduced by half by moving the microsphere bed during the operation. In all of these system studies, there was no effort to optimize the system for the application. In 1979, two commercial grades of microspheres (3M-D32/4500 and Fillite 200/.7) were selected and evaluated experimentally. This selection was based upon the results of prior studies and vendor information. Heat treated 3M-D32/4500 came close to meeting the requirements for automotive applications. Hydrogen weight densities between 0.056 and 0.065 g.H2/g. bed were attained experimentally with minimal breakage. The maximum stored hydrogen without breakage was at a pressure of ~300 atm (~4500 psi.) at room temperature. This year, the experimental investigation was extended to the evaluation of eight commercial grades in a search for microsphere sources which can store hydrogen at higher pressures.

December 15, 1980
Liquid Hydrogen Storage and Refuelling for Automotive Applications
Peschka W., Edeskuty F.J., Stewart W.F. - 3rd Miami International Conference on Alternative Energy Sources, Miami Beach, FL, 15 -17 Dec 1980
This report describes a project that examines the use of liquid hydrogen as an automotive fuel by investigating the liquid hydrogen refuelling process, assessing safety problems in the application of liquid hydrogen fuelled vehicles, and demonstrating the state of the art in liquid hydrogen fuelled vehicles.

1980
Photobiological Production of Hydrogen
Weaver, P.F.; Lien, S.; and Seibert, M.  Solar Energy, 24, 3-45
Comprehensive review of the photosynthetic H₂-production literature up to 1980

August 21, 1978
A Study on Hydrogen Storage by use of Cryoadsorbents
Carpetis C., Peschka W., Stuttgart F.R. - Hydrogen Energy System: Proceedings of the 2nd World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Zurich, Switzerland
The paper reports investigations on the techniques and economics of hydrogen storage by means of cryoadsorption. Also a comparison with alternative storage method is included. The hydrogen storage capacity of several adsorbents in the temperature range from 65 K to 150 K has been investigated experimentally. Basing on these data economics and operating conditions for minimum total costs of the system are calculated. Utilization factor and capacity factor parameters are shown to be decisive for outlining the favorable ranges of application for competitive hydrogen storage methods.

November 15, 1976
Technical and Economic Aspects of Hydrogen Storage in Metal Hydrides
Schmitt R. - International Workshop on Hydrogen and Its Perspectives, Liege, Belgium, November 15-18, 1976.
The recovery of hydrogen from such metal hydrides as LiH, MgH2, TiH2, CaH2 and FeTiH compounds is studied, with the aim of evaluating the viability of the technique for the storage of hydrogen fuel. The pressure temperature dependence of the reactions, enthalpies of formation, the kinetics of the hydrogen absorption and description, and the mechanical and chemical stability of the metal hydrides are taken into account in the evaluation. Economic aspects are considered and the development of portable metal hydride hydrogen storage reservoirs is also mentioned.

The following papers are not dated:

Electrolytic Production of Hydrogen Utilizing Photovoltaic Cells
Mark A. Daugherty; Los Alamos National Laboratory
Hydrogen has the potential to serve as both an energy storage means and an energy carrier in renewable energy systems. When renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power are used to produce electrical power, the output can vary depending on weather conditions. By using renewable sources to produce hydrogen, a fuel which can be stored and transported, a reliable and continuously available energy supply with a predictable long-term average output is created. Electrolysis is one method of converting renewable energy into hydrogen fuel. In this experiment we examine the use of an electrolyzer based on polymer-electrolyte membrane technology to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen.

Development of a Fiber-Optic Sensor for Hydrogen Leak Detention
David Benson - National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Because there are both real and perceived risks associated with using hydrogen fuel, particularly in passenger vehicles, we will have to take extensive safety precautions in designing vehicle systems, including such features as hydrogen leak detectors. Conventional hydrogen gas sensors require electrical wiring and may be too expensive to install in many different places within a vehicle. In this project, we are developing a reversible, thin-film, chemochromic sensor that can be applied to the end of a polymer optical fiber. The presence of hydrogen gas will cause the film to become darker. A light beam transmitted from a central instrument in the vehicle along the sensor fibers will be reflected from the ends of the fiber back to individual light detectors. A decrease in the reflected light signal will indicate the presence and concentration of hydrogen in the vicinity of the fiber sensor.

An Evaluation of the Economics of Fuel Cells in Urban Buses
Günter Hörmandinger and Nigel J. D. Lucas, Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College, London - International Journal of Energy Research
At present, fuel cell technology is entering the stage of commercialisation, which is an appropriate moment to try and assess its economic potential in the field of transport. Based on a review of the present state of the technology, concentrating on the solid polymer fuel cell, a model is set up of a fleet of urban buses, widely regarded as one of the earliest applications of fuel cells in transport. Under the central assumption that the fuel cell stack cost is $300/kW, the fuel cell bus is found to be around 30% more expensive than its diesel counterpart. However, there are considerable cost reductions possible through economies of scale in the production of hydrogen, the fuel required for the solid polymer fuel cell. Remarkably, these economies of scale allow the cost of the fuel cell bus to drop below that of the diesel.

Engineering Materials for Hydrogen Separation
R.C. Dye, T.S. Moss; Los Alamos National Laboratory
The fundamental differences in the way that hydrogen interacts with metals will be demonstrated. From these differences, we will be able to explain how one can design and engineer a membrane to exploit the advantageous properties of multiple materials into a composite structure with superior performance.

Hydrogen Energy using the Heat of the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor - A Fundamental Experiment on the Continuous Production of Hydrogen
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
Hydrogen is a promising candidate for a clean energy system in the future, but only if it can be produced on a large scale and at low price. The most reasonable method of hydrogen production is via electrolysis in using existing technologies. However, the electrolysis method is unsuitable from the standpoints of the efficiency of electricity generation and the necessity conversion from convenient electricity to hydrogen gas.  JAERI is engaged in development of a process for hydrogen production from water using heat generated by the High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR). This thermochemical hydrogen production method uses a chemical process which can decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen using a combination of several chemical reactions, and chemical components are recycled.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Utility and Transportation Applications
Shimshon Gottesfeld; Los Alamos National Laboratory
Hydrogen is the most suitable fuel for a fuel cell powered vehicle, providing the highest conversion efficiency for fuel-on-board-to-electric-power and generating zero tail-pipe emission since water is the only product of the hydrogen/air fuel cell process. Of various fuel cell systems considered, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology seems to be most suitable for terrestrial transportation applications.

Materials for Hydride Based Batteries
Ricardo Schwartz; Los Alamos National Laboratory
In the nickel/metal hydride battery, the metal hydride electrode operates in concentrated KOH. The main problem with this electrode relates to the loss of hydrogen storage capacity with cyclic hydrogen charging/discharging which is thought to be caused by the corrosion of the hydride material in the KOH.

Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Transport Through Metals
R.C. Dye, T.S. Moss; Los Alamos National Laboratory
The catalytic and transport properties of palladium will be compared and contrasted with the same properties of Group V metals. The fundamental differences in the way that hydrogen interacts with metals will be exploited to optimize the purification of hydrogen gas. This experiment demonstrates how a composite material can have better performance than the material's individual components.

Computer Modeling in the Design and Evaluation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Salvador M. Aceves, J. Ray Smith; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Norman L. Johnson; Los Alamos National Laboratory
The demonstration will begin with an overview of the use of engine and vehicle modeling tools. Next, the LLNL hybrid evaluation code will be appliedto electric and hybrid vehicles, with an emphasis on the use of hydrogen as an ideal low-emissions fuel.

Process Modeling of Hydrogen Production from Municipal Solid Waste
Thorsness, C.B. - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-ID-119231
A detailed modeling study using the commercial ASPEN PLUS code. The hydrothermal treatment of the MSW in water to create a suitable slurry feedstock for an oxygen-blown Texaco gasifier is described.

A Multidimensional Model of Direct-Steam Heating of Newspaper and Municipal Solid Waste in a Hydrothermal Reactor
Thorsness, C.B. -  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-ID-121991
Outlines a computer code capable of simulating certain aspects of the complex flow and thermal regimes inside a steam-heated reactor processing municipal solid wastes or biomass.

Laboratory Studies of a Hydrothermal Pretreatment Process for Municipal Solid Waste
Wallman, Henrik - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-ID-120296
Details slurry preparation and resulting viscosity for different feedstocks at various times and temperatures.

Series Hybrid Vehicles and Optimized Hydrogen Engine Design
Smith, J. Raymond; Aceves, Salvador; and Van Blarigan, Peter - A joint publication with Sandia National Laboratories presented at the SAE Future Transportation Conference] - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-JC-121174, SAE #951955
Compares 13 different engine/fuel/ storage combinations in equal-performance series hybrid automobiles to put into perspective the different engine technologies and the on-board hydrogen storage trade-offs. It also contains our latest experimental data (from Sandia) on the optimized hydrogen, which, when combined with a generator, make the mechanical equivalent of the fuel cell.

Optimized Hydrogen Piston Engines
Smith, J. Raymond - Presented recently at an SAE Convergence Conference - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-JC-116894
The paper describes what we gleaned from the literature on how to build high-efficiency, low-emission hydrogen engines. This paper points out that home cogeneration is also a potential use for this technology.

Progress Toward an Optimized Hydrogen Series Hybrid Engine
Smith, J. Raymond, and Aceves, Salvador M. - Presented at the recent ASME Engine Conference, a joint publication with Los Alamos National Laboratory. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-JC-120091
Describes how we are doing the engine modeling utilizing a simplified global model for friction and heat transfer effects and a state-of-the-art computational fluid mechanics model for the detailed combustion calculations (KIVA-3).

Hydrogen as a Near-Term Transportation Fuel
Schock, Robert N.; Berry, Gene D.; Smith, J. Raymond; and Rambach, Glenn D.   Presented at the International Energy, Environment and Economics Symposium in November. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-JC-121355
A brief overview of the rationale for hydrogen, the hybrid electric automobile concept, the on-board storage problem and production and distribution costs.

Hydrogen Production by Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste
Rogers, R. - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-ID-117603
A brief overview that was done in the initial phases of this hydrogen production concept. The basic chemical reactions are included.

Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste to Hydrogen
Richardson, Jeffrey; Rogers, R.S.; Thorsness, C.B.; Wallman, P.H.; Leininger, T.F.; Richter, G.N.; Robin, A.M.; Wiess, H.C.; and Wolfenbarger, J.K. - Lawrence Livermore National Laborator  UCRL-JC-120142
A good overview of the current state of the MSW project. This paper is less detailed than most but gives a good perspective.

Detailed and Global Chemical Kinetics Model for Hydrogen
Marinov, N.M.; Westbrook, C.K.; and Pitz, W.J. Submitted to the Eighth Symposium on Transport Processes. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-JC-120677
Fundamental chemical kinetics work with the simplifications required to allow incorporation into large, computational fluid mechanics codes like KIVA.

A Hybrid Vehicle Evaluation Code and Its Application to Vehicle Design
Aceves, Salvador M., and Smith, J. Raymond.  Presented at the most recent SAE International Congress - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory   UCRL-JC-117918 Rev. 2, SAE . , #950491
This paper describes the vehicle simulation code that we wrote to compare various components in a series hybrid vehicle. What we did not say in the paper was that we were able to validate this code using the GM Impact and Ford Ecostar electric car vehicle parameters, which were kindly shared by their engineering staff. The code is applied to a hydrogen hybrid automobile.

Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel
Berry, Gene D.; Pasternak, Alan; Rambach, Glenn D.; Smith, J. Raymond; and Schock, Robert N.  Submitted to Energy.    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  UCRL-JC-117945 Rev. 2.
Similar in scope to the paper presented at the International Energy, Environment, and Economics Symposium by Schock et al., but more complete, with extensive references for those interested in the details.

Evidence for Capillary Condensation of Hydrogen in Single-Shell Carbon Nanotubes
Dillon, A.C.; Jones, K.M.; Bekkedahl, T.A.; Kiang, C.H.; Bethunes, D.S.; and Heben, M.J. - Submitted. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Presents results from temperature programmed desorption experiments which were designed to probe the nature and strength of interactions between hydrogen and small-diameter, single-wall, carbon nanotubes. Unusually stable adsorption sites were observed, suggesting that carbon nanotubes could be quite effective in storing hydrogen in high densities if improvements can be made in the material.